Architectural Drafting and Design Sixth Edition
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2 Architectural Drafting and Design Sixth Edition Alan Jefferis Principal of Residential Designs Former architectural drafting instructor at Mt Hood Community College Faculty Emeritus at Clackamas Community College Former member of the American Institute of Building Designers. Former Autodesk Developer Network Member Coauthor of Residential Design Drafting and Detailing; Commercial Drafting and Detailing; and AutoCAD for Architecture. David A. Madsen President, Madsen Designs Inc. Faculty Emeritus Former Department Chairperson Drafting Technology, Autodesk Premier Training Center Clackamas Community College, Oregon City, Oregon Former Instructor, Drafting Technology Centennial High School, Gresham, Oregon Autodesk Developer Network Member Director Emeritus, American Design Drafting Association Author of Engineering Drawing and Design, Print Reading for Engineering and Manufacturing Technology, and Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. Coauthor of AutoCAD and its Applications, Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD, Civil Drafting Technology, Print Reading for Architecture and Construction Technology. David P. Madsen Vice President, Madsen Designs Inc. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Consultant and Educator Autodesk Developer Network Member SolidWorks Research Associate American Design Drafting Association Member Author of Inventor and its Applications. Coauthor of AutoCAD and its Applications, Architectural Drafting Using AutoCAD, Civil Drafting Technology, Engineering Drawing and Design, and Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing. Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States
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4 Architectural Drafting and Design, Sixth Edition Alan Jefferis, David A. Madsen, and David P. Madsen Vice President, Editorial: Dave Garza Director of Learning Solutions: Sandy Clark Senior Acquisitions Editor: James Devoe Managing Editor: Larry Main Senior Product Manager: Sharon Chambliss Editorial Assistant: Christopher Savino Vice President, Marketing: Jennifer Baker Executive Marketing Manager: Deborah S. Yarnell Marketing Specialist: Mark Pierro Production Director: Wendy Troeger Production Manager: Mark Bernard Content Project Manager: David Plagenza Art Director: Casey Kirchmayer Technology Project Manager: Christopher Catalina , , , , , and Delmar, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section or of the United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Professional & Career Group Customer Support, For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar Further permissions questions can be ed to Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN ISBN Delmar 5 Maxwell Drive Clifton Park, NY USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your lifelong learning solutions, visit www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar Visit our corporate website at www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar 10% total recycled fiber Notice to the Reader Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein or perform any independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained herein. Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it by the manufacturer. The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein, the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions. The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, from the readers use of, or reliance upon, this material. Printed in Canada X X
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6 iv Brief Contents SECTION 10 Wall Sections and Details 36 Sectioning Basics, Section Layout, Alternative Layout Techniques, Stair Construction and Layout, Fireplace Construction and Layout, SECTION 11 Presentation Drawings and Renderings SECTION 12 Commercial Drafting 42 Building Codes and Commercial Design, Common Commercial Construction Materials, Commercial Construction Projects, Structural Drafting, Glossary, Index, Presentation Drawings,
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8 vi Contents 6 Architectural Lines and Lettering, 87 Introduction, 87 Types of Lines, 87 Line Techniques, 91 Lettering, 94 Hints for Professional Lettering, 97 Additional Resources, Architectural Lines and Lettering Test, Computer-Aided Design and Drafting in Architecture, Introduction, Architectural CADD Software Products, Productivity with CADD, The CADD Workstation, Using CADD Templates, Template Drawings on the Student CD, U.S.
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14 xii Contents CADD Lettering, 97 The Future Is Here with CADD, Architectural CADD Symbols, This Is What the Future Looks Like: Web-Based Architectural Collaboration, Using Surveyor s Units, Using CADD to Draw Site Plans, CADD Applications, CADD Applications, Drawing Floor Plan Walls Using CADD, U.S.
15 Preface For nearly 25 years, students have relied on Architectural Drafting and Design for easy-to-read, comprehensive coverage of architectural drafting and design instruction that complies with and reinforces architectural, engineering, and construction industry standards and practices. This sixth edition of Architectural Drafting and Design is a practical, comprehensive textbook that is easy to use and understand. The content can be used as presented by following a logical sequence of learning activities for residential and light commercial architectural drafting and design, or the chapters can be rearranged to accommodate alternate formats for traditional or individualized instruction. AMERICAN DESIGN DRAFTING ASSOCIATION (ADDA) APPROVED PUBLICATION The content of this text is considered a fundamental component to the design-drafting profession by the American Design Drafting Association. This publication covers topics and related material, as stated in the ADDA Curriculum Certification Standards and the ADDA Certified Drafter Examination Review Guide. Although this publication is not conclusive, with respect to ADDA standards, it should be considered a key reference tool in pursuit of a professional design-drafting career. ABOUT THE INTERNATIONAL CODE COUNCIL The International Code Council (ICC) is a nonprofit membership association dedicated to protecting the health, safety, and welfare of people by creating better buildings and safer communities. The mission of ICC is to provide the highest quality codes, standards, products, and services for all concerned with the safety and performance of the building environment. ICC is the publisher of the family of the International Codes (I-Codes ), a single set of comprehensive and coordinated model codes. This unified approach to building codes enhances safety, efficiency, and affordability in the construction of buildings. The Code Council is also dedicated to innovation, sustainability, and energy efficiency. Code Council subsidiary, ICC Evaluation Service, issues Evaluation Reports for innovative products and reports of Sustainable Attributes Verification and Evaluation (SAVE). Headquarters: New Jersey Avenue, NW, 6th Floor, Washington, DC District Offices: Birmingham, AL; Chicago. IL; Los Angeles, CA APPROACH Architectural Drafting and Design provides a practical and realistic approach to solving problems that are encountered in the architectural design world. Practical Architectural Drafting and Design provides a practical approach to architectural drafting as it relates to current standard practices. The emphasis on standardization is an excellent and necessary foundation of drafting training as well as for implementing a common approach to drafting nationwide. After students become professional drafters, this text will serve as a valuable desk reference. Realistic Chapters contain professional examples, illustrations, step-by-step layout techniques, drafting problems, and related tests. The examples demonstrate recommended drafting presentation with actual architectural drawings used for reinforcement. The correlated text explains drafting practices and provides useful information for knowledge building and skill development. Step-by-step layout methods provide a logical approach to beginning and finishing complete sets of working drawings. xiii
16 xiv Preface Practical Approach to Problem Solving The professional architectural drafter s responsibility is to convert architects, engineers, and designers sketches and ideas into formal drawings. This textbook explains how to prepare formal drawings from design sketches by providing the learner with basic guidelines for drafting layout and minimum design and code requirements in a knowledge-building format. One concept is learned before the next is introduced. The concepts and skills learned from one chapter to the next allow students to prepare complete sets of working drawings for residential and light commercial construction projects. Problem assignments are presented in order of difficulty and in a manner that provides students with a wide variety of architectural drafting experiences. Real-World Architectural Problems The problems are presented as preliminary designs or design sketches in a manner that is consistent with actual architectural office practices. It is not enough for students to duplicate drawings from given assignments; they must be able to think through the process of drawing development with a foundation based on how drawing and construction components are put into practice. The goals and objectives of each problem assignment are consistent with recommended evaluation criteria based on the progression of learning activities. The drafting problems and tests recommend that work be done using drafting skills on actual drafting materials with either professional manual or computer-aided drafting equipment. A problem solution or test answer should be accurate and demonstrate proper drafting practice. FEATURES OF THE TEXTBOOK Major features of this textbook that guide you through the world of architectural design and drafting include realistic application of the information presented throughout each chapter, professional illustrations of each concept to be explored, CADD applications of each type of working drawing, exploration of the building codes and standards produced by the International Code Council, the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED). Applications Special emphasis has been placed on providing realistic drafting problems. Problems are presented as design sketches or preliminary drawings in a manner that is consistent with architectural practices. The problems have been supplied by architects and architectural designers. Each problem solution is based on the step-by-step layout procedures provided in the chapter discussions. Problems are given in order of complexity to expose students to a variety of drafting experiences. Problems require students to go through the same thought and decision-making processes that a professional drafter faces daily, including scale and paper size selection, view layout, dimension placement, section placement, and many other activities. Problems can be solved using manual or computer-aided drafting, as determined by individual course guidelines. Chapter tests provide complete coverage of each chapter and can be used for student evaluation or as review. Illustrations Drawings and photos are used liberally throughout this textbook to strengthen the concepts presented. Fullcolor treatment enhances the clarity. Abundant stepby-step illustrations take students through the detailed stages of the drafting process for each application. The step-by-step illustrations are created using computeraided drafting for the highest accuracy and quality. Computer-Aided Design and Drafting (CADD) CADD is presented as a valuable tool that has revolutionized the architectural design and drafting industry. The complete discussion of CADD introduces the workstation environment, terminology, drafting techniques, and sample drawings. Although individual course guidelines may elect to solve architectural drafting problems using either computer-aided or manual drafting equipment, the concepts remain the same, with the only difference being the method of presentation. Construction Techniques and Building Codes Construction techniques differ throughout the country. This text clearly acknowledges the difference in construction methods and introduces the student to the format used to make a complete set of working drawings for each method of construction. Students may learn to prepare drawings from each construction method or, more commonly, for the specific construction techniques that are used in their locality. The problem assignments are designed to provide drawings that involve a variety of construction alternatives. To provide oversight of the wide range of construction methods and materials used throughout the country,
17 Preface xv the model codes written by the International Code Council (ICC) are referenced throughout this textbook. The major ICC codes addressed in this textbook include the International Residential Code (IRC) in Chapter 1 through Chapter 41 and the International Building Code (IBC) in Chapter 42 through Chapter Although many municipalities have adopted their own versions of these codes, the use of these model codes provides a firm background before exploring local variations. Additional Resources At the end of most chapters, an Additional Resources section provides students with information on additional resources related to chapter topics. This section lists Web sites for companies or organizations that offer materials, services, and standards related to the chapter content. The following is an example of how the Additional Resources are presented in the textbook: Chapter Tests Chapter tests are found at the end of each chapter. Select the Chapter Tests link on the Student CD to access chapter tests using Microsoft Word. The chapter tests allow you to review or test your knowledge of the related chapter content, depending on your course objectives. Open the related link and answer the questions electronically, unless otherwise directed by your instructor. NEW TO THE SIXTH EDITION Architectural Drafting and Design, Sixth Edition, provides the following improvements over the fifth edition. Codes and Standards Compliance Each chapter is based on information provided by the following major industry leaders: editions of the International Residential Code and the International Building Code published by the International Code Council. National CAD Standards Version 4. MasterFormat and UniFormat published by The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC). LEED rating system published by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC). Model Green Home Building Guidelines (MGHBG) developed by the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) and the International Code Council (ICC), which publishes the International Residential Code (IRC). Going Green Protecting the environment is one of the most important worldwide issues today. A new flagship feature called Going Green is found throughout this textbook, providing current, practical, and experimental energy-efficient
18 xvi Preface architectural design and construction techniques that result in a significant reduction in energy consumption. As the building industry grows to meet the demands of our increasing population, we must take care of the environment and allow for current and future development. As a student, it is very important for you to learn what is available today and to find ways to improve energy efficiency in architectural design and construction into the future in an effort to protect the earth. National and local programs have been established to meet this need. A leading program is often referred to as green building. The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a key organization developed to promote building design and construction that is environmentally responsible and healthy, while allowing construction to remain profitable. Modern advances in building construction are available to designers, builders, and owners who want to build green and make the most of environmental protection in the architectural and construction industries. The following is part of one of the Going Green features found in this edition: by a CD icon in appropriate locations throughout this textbook. The supplemental reference material provides optional learning opportunities. The supplemental material ranges from commonly known topics available for students desiring a review, to advanced information that is beyond the scope of this textbook for students interested in further exploration. The supplemental chapter readings are identified within chapter content in this manner: CADD Applications CADD Applications is a special boxed feature that provides a variety of real-world examples, professional presentations, software applications, tips, standards, and procedures used with computer-aided design and drafting. CADD Applications were first introduced in the fourth edition but have been revised, improved, and expanded due to the rapidly changing CADD industry. CADD Applications in the sixth edition range from one-sentence statements to multipage content. The following is an example of part of one of the CADD Applications found in the sixth edition: Supplemental Chapter Readings Students are directed to supplemental chapter readings that are found on the Student CD and are identified Note The Note feature is provided throughout this textbook to provide brief information related to the specific content where the note is found. The following is an example of a sixth edition note:
19 Preface xvii NOTE: Although both groups have produced guidelines, many municipalities are starting to move beyond the recommendation stage and are incorporating portions of these guidelines into their design and building requirements. It is expected that with the edition of the ICC codes, the NGBS-ICC will move from guidelines to law. Verify with the municipality that will govern each specific building project to determine if specific aspects of a green guideline are required. The ICC is also planning to develop a green building code for buildings that are not covered by the NGBS-ICC This code will most likely be the International Green Construction Code (IGCC). THE STUDENT CD Although not new to the sixth edition, the Student CD has new and improved content. A student CD icon found throughout this textbook guides students to features found on the CD. Refer to the Prologue for a complete description of each component and how to use the Student CD. The following features are found on the Student CD: Supplemental Chapter Readings Step-by-Step Layout Drawings Chapter Tests Drawing Checklists Drawing Problems Drawing Templates Architectural Blocks and Symbols Related Web Links Workbook Video Clips of Major Concepts Review Questions ORGANIZING YOUR COURSE Architectural drafting is the primary emphasis of many technical drafting curricula; however, many other programs offer only an exploratory course in this field. This textbook is appropriate for either application, as its content reflects the common elements in any architectural drafting curriculum. Prerequisites An interest in architectural drafting, plus basic arithmetic, written communication, and reading skills are the only prerequisites required. Basic drafting skills and layout techniques are presented as appropriate. Students with an interest in architectural drafting who begin using this text will end with the knowledge and skills required to prepare complete sets of working drawings for residential and light commercial architectural construction projects. Fundamental through Advanced Coverage This textbook can be used in an architectural drafting curriculum that covers the basics of residential architecture in a one-, two-, or three-semester sequence. In this application, students use the chapters directly associated with the preparation of a complete set of working drawings for a residence, where the emphasis is on the use of fundamental skills and techniques. The rest of the textbook can remain as a reference for future study or as a valuable desk reference. This textbook can also be used in the comprehensive architectural drafting program where a four- to six-semester sequence of residential and light commercial architectural drafting and design is required. In this application, students can expand on the primary objective of preparing a complete set of working drawings for the design of residential and light commercial projects with the coverage of any one or all of the following areas: energy-efficient construction techniques, solar and site orientation design applications, heating and cooling thermal performance calculations, structural load calculations, and presentation drawings. Section Length Chapters are presented in individual learning segments that begin with elementary concepts and build until each chapter provides complete coverage of every topic. Instructors can choose to present lectures in short, minute discussions or divide each chapter into to minute lectures. Drafting Equipment and Materials Identification and use of manual and computer-aided drafting equipment is outlined. Students need an inventory of equipment available for use as listed in the chapters. Professional drafting materials are explained, and it is recommended that students prepare problem solutions using actual drafting materials.
20 xviii Preface SUPPLEMENTS Instructor Resources Spend Less Time Planning and More Time Teaching With Delmar, Cengage Learning s Instructor Resources to accompany Architectural Drafting and Design, 6th Edition, preparing for class and evaluating students has never been easier! This invaluable instructor CD-ROM, titled www.cronistalascolonias.com.arce, allows you anywhere, anytime access to all of your resources. (ISBN: ) Features contained in www.cronistalascolonias.com.arce include: Syllabus: Lesson plans created by chapter. You have the option of using these lesson plans with your own course information. ( Chapter Hints: Objectives and teaching hints that provide the basis for a lecture outline that helps you to present concepts and material. Key points and concepts can be graphically highlighted for student retention. PowerPoint Presentation: Slides for each chapter of the text provide the basis for a lecture outline that helps you to present concepts and material. Key points and concepts can be graphically highlighted for student retention. Exam View Computerized Test Bank: More than questions of varying levels of difficulty are provided in true/false and multiple-choice formats so you can assess student comprehension. Video and Animation Resources: These AVI files graphically depict the execution of key concepts and commands in drafting, design, and AutoCAD and let you bring multimedia presentations into the classroom. Solutions Manual A solutions manual is available with answers to endof-chapter review questions and solutions to end-ofchapter problems. Solutions are also provided for the Workbook problems. (ISBN: ) Videos Two video sets, containing four minute tapes each, are available. The videos correspond to the topics addressed in the text: Set #1: ISBN Set #2: ISBN Video sets are also available on interactive video CD-ROM. Set #1: ISBN Set #2: ISBN
21 Preface Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank and acknowledge the many professionals who reviewed the sixth edition of Architectural Drafting and Design. A special acknowledgment is due the instructors who reviewed the chapters in detail. Reviewers Sharon Bagby Texas State Technical College, Sweetwater, Texas Amanda Boyle Texas State Technical College, Marshall, Texas Rebecca R. Brining Virginia College, Mobile, Alabama Clark Cory Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana Tom Felton Western Technical College, La Crosse, Wisconsin Andy Jacobs West-Oak High School, Westminster, South Carolina David K. Landry Louisiana Technical College, Lafayette, Louisiana Edward J. Rother Cerritos College, Norwalk, California Contributing Companies The quality of this textbook is also improved by the support and contributions from architects, designers, engineers, and vendors. The list of contributors is extensive and acknowledgment is given at each illustration. The following individuals and companies gave an extraordinary amount of support with technical information and art for this edition. International Code Council (ICC) Special thanks goes to Hamid Naderi, Vice President of Product Development of the International Code Council (ICC), for reviewing the content of this text related to the ICC codes and for allowing us to use text from the International Residential Code and the International Building Code. Portions of this publication reproduce text from the International Residential Code, Copyright , with the permission of the publisher, the International Conference of Building Officials, under license from the International Code Council Inc., Falls Church, Virginia. The International Residential Code is a copyrighted work of the International Code Council. Reproduced with permission. All rights reserved. Alan Mascord Design Associates, Inc. ( For more than 20 years, a deep-rooted commitment to architectural excellence has made Alan Mascord a trusted name among builders, consumers, and competitors. To date, well over 50, Mascord homes have been built across the United States, Canada, and in most developed countries around the world. Alan Mascord Design Associates provides more than stock home plans in a wide range of architectural styles, from single-family homes to multifamily dwellings, including detached garage plans. An active custom design business serves clients with specific and unique requirements, and Efficient Living Services provides builders with tools and resources for building green. Mascord Efficient Living (ISBN ) is a guide to the philosophies and practicalities of green building for builders and consumers. Presenting more than 50 home plans detailed to meet nationally recognized green building standards, this book explains the elements to consider before, during, and after construction. Special thanks are given to Jon Epley and Gary Higginbotham for their professional support for this edition in providing content, photographs, and illustrations for several Going Green features found throughout this textbook. Mascord Design Associates also provided several sets of working drawings used for problems in Chapter www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar Special thanks to Ron Palma, www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, for providing loyal feedback related to professional architectural xix
22 xx Acknowledgments CADD applications. Palma has more than 20 years of experience in the architectural industry as a drafter, designer, lead project designer, and, most recently, as a CAD manager implementing Architectural Desktop for a residential design firm. He is an Autodesk Certified Instructor, trainer, and support technician for an Autodesk reseller. Palma has professional experience as an educator at two community colleges and is a U.S. Army certified instructor. In addition, He taught the Instructor Trainer s Course for the U.S. Army and has taught courses at Autodesk University. Palma is the coauthor of architectural drafting and AutoCAD books. Res Communis ( A design collective started by Garrett and Dustin Moon, Res Communis is dedicated to the creation and dissemination of good design for all, not just for those who can afford it. Their goal is to contribute to the solving of problems, not the concentration and collection of intellectual property. To that end, every idea and design created is released to the public to use and refine for the good of all. Garrett and Dustin Moon provided the content and illustrations for the Going Green content in Chapter The Going Green feature titled The Ultimate Urban Green Home is the flagship of the Going Green features found in this textbook, demonstrating perfect, sustainable, and selfsufficient design using super-energy-efficient, environmentally safe materials, and clean energy technologies. Construction Specifications Institute ( Information used in this text is from MasterFormat and UniFormat and is published by The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC), and is used with permission from CSI, The Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite Alexandria, VA ; Bryan Higgins Architect Bryan Higgins, AIA, LEED AP, from Portland, Oregon, provided a set of working drawings and photographs of his design of one of the winning homes in the Living Smart program, in Portland, Oregon. The Living Smart program design competition created a catalog of affordable home plans designed for narrow lots, called small-footprint houses. His Living Smart small-footprint design is used in Problem Higgins also provided the content for the Going Green feature in Chapter 18 of this textbook. Leann Collins and Laura Numbers Leann Collins and Laura Numbers contributed a complete set of working drawings and related photographs for a small-footprint residential architectural design. This small footprint is one of the winning homes in the Living Smart program, in Portland, Oregon, and the design is used in Problem TKP Architects, PC, Golden, Colorado ( Thanks to Erin Elston with TKP Architects for the contribution of residential architectural plans and impressive photographs. DeSantis Landscapes Dean DeSantis, CLP, President of DeSantis Landscapes, provided the content and photographs used in a Going Green feature found in Chapter Southwest Windpower ( Michael French, Graphics Coordinator for Southwest Windpower, provided the content, photographs, and illustrations for the Going Green feature in Chapter Autodesk, Inc. ( Catherine Palmer, Marketing Manager, AEC Initiatives provided the Going Green feature content in Chapter 7. As a world leader in design innovation technologies, Autodesk helps to empower architecture, engineering, and construction professionals with cost-effective designs and delivers high-performing, resource-efficient buildings and infrastructure. Solatube International, Inc. ( Bridget Palitz, Vice President of The McRae Agency, Public Relations for Solatube International, Inc., provided the content, photographs, and illustrations for a Going Green feature in Chapter National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) ( The NFRC provided content and illustrations for a Going Green feature in Chapter Engineering Drawing and Design Approximately illustrations are reproduced from Engineering Drawing and Design, by David A. Madsen, David P. Madsen, and J. Lee Turpin from Delmar Publishers.
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