New International Version
| New International Version | |
|---|---|
| Full name | New International Version |
| Other names | Nova Versão Internacional (Portuguese); Nueva Versión Internacional (Spanish) |
| Abbreviation | NIV; NVI-PT (Portuguese); NVI (Spanish) |
| OT&#;published | |
| NT&#;published | |
| Complete Bible published | ; (Spanish); (Portuguese) |
| Authorship | Biblica (formerly International Bible Society) |
| Textual basis | |
| Translation type | Dynamic equivalence |
| Reading level | [2] |
| Revision | , |
| Publisher | Biblica (worldwide); Zondervan (US); Hodder & Stoughton (UK); others |
| Copyright | The Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright , , , by Biblica, Inc.™ Used by Permission. All rights reserved worldwide. |
| Religious affiliation | Evangelical |
| Webpage | www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar |
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, "Let there be light," and there was light. | |
The New International Version (NIV) is an English translation of the Bible first published in by Biblica (formerly the International Bible Society). The NIV was published to meet the need for a modern translation done by Bible scholars using the earliest, highest quality manuscripts available. Of equal importance was that the Bible be expressed in broadly understood modern English.
A team of 15 biblical scholars, representing a variety of evangelical denominations,[3] worked from the oldest copies of reliable texts, variously written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek. Each section was subjected to multiple translations and revisions, and those assessed in detail to produce the best option. Everyday Bible readers were used to provide feedback on ease of understanding and comprehensibility. Finally, plans were made to continue revision of the Bible as new discoveries were made and as changes in the use of the English language occurred.
The NIV is published by Zondervan in the United States and Hodder & Stoughton in the UK. The NIV was updated in and [4] and has become one of the most popular and best-selling modern translations.[5]
History[edit]
The NIV began in with the formation of a small committee to study the value of producing a translation in the common language of the American people and a project of the National Association of Evangelicals in [6][7] In , Biblica took responsibility for the project and hired a team of 15 scholars from various EvangelicalChristian denominations and from various countries.[8][9] The initial "Committee on Bible Translation" consisted of Leslie Carlson, Edmund Clowney, Ralph Earle, Jr., Burton L. Goddard, R. Laird Harris, Earl S. Kalland, Kenneth Kantzer, Robert H. Mounce, Charles F. Pfeiffer, Charles Caldwell Ryrie, Francis R. Steele, John H. Stek, J. C. Wenger, Stephen W. Paine, and Marten Woudstra. The New Testament was released in and the full Bible in [10]
The NIV underwent a minor revision in In a new version of the New Testament and Psalms was published in the UK, with the full Bible following in as the New International Version Inclusive Language Edition, but was not published in the U.S. because of opposition from conservative evangelical groups there to inclusive language.[11] A further edition with minor edits was published in
A revised English edition titled Today's New International Version (TNIV) was released as a New Testament in March , with the complete Bible being published in February [12]
update[edit]
In , an updated version of the NIV was released. The update modified and dropped some of the gender-neutral language of the TNIV such as going back to using "mankind" and "man" instead of "human beings" and "people"), along with other changes.[13] Translational issues with Paul's letters were also addressed.[14][15] Keith Danby, president and chief executive officer of Biblica, speaking of the TNIV, said they had failed to convince people revisions were needed and underestimated readers' loyalty to the edition.[11]
Derivative versions[edit]
Plain English version (NIrV)[edit]
An 'easy-reader' version, New International Reader's Version (NIrV), was published in ; it was written at a third grade reading level.
Spanish version (NVI)[edit]
In , the decision was made to produce a version of the New Testament in Spanish with the title La Santa Biblia, Nueva Versión Internacional (often abbreviated NVI),[16] though at this point this version was based only on the former English translation of the historic manuscripts. In , the committee on Bible translation headed by Drs. René Padilla and Luciano Jaramillo conducted a translation of both testaments from the historic manuscripts directly into Spanish, bypassing English altogether and producing a complete Spanish NVI Bible in [17]
Portuguese version (NVI)[edit]
In , the Nova Versão Internacional in Portuguese was published. [18]
Textual basis[edit]
The manuscript base for the Old Testament was the Biblia Hebraica StuttgartensiaMasoretic Hebrew Text. Other ancient texts consulted were the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion, the Latin Vulgate, the Syriac Peshitta, the Aramaic Targum, and for the Psalms the Juxta Hebraica of Jerome.[19] The manuscript base for the New Testament was the Koine Greek language editions of the United Bible Societies and of Nestle-Aland.[20] The deuterocanonical books are not included in the translation.
Translation methodology[edit]
The core translation group consisted of fifteen Biblical scholars using Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts whose goal was to produce a more modern English language text than the King James Version. The translation took ten years and involved a team of over scholars[21][22] from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. The range of those participating included many different denominations such as Anglicans, Assemblies of God, Baptist, Christian Reformed, Lutheran and Presbyterian.[23]
The NIV is a balance between word-for-word and thought-for-thought or literal and phrase-by-phrase translations.[24]
Recent archaeological and linguistic discoveries helped in understanding passages that have traditionally been difficult to translate. Familiar spellings of traditional translations were generally retained.[25]
Reception[edit]
According to the Association for Christian Retail (CBA), the New International Version has become the most popular selling English translation of the Bible in CBA bookstores, having sold more than million copies worldwide.[26]
There are numerous study Bibles available with extensive notes on the text and background information to make the Biblical stories more comprehensible. Among these are the NIV Spirit of the Reformation Study Bible, Concordia Study Bible, the Zondervan published NIV Study Bible, the Wesleyan revision, Reflecting God Study Bible, as well as the Life Application Study Bible.
In , the New Testament scholar N. T. Wright wrote that the NIV obscured what Paul the Apostle was saying, making sure that Paul's words conformed to Protestant and Evangelical tradition. He claims, "if a church only, or mainly, relies on the NIV it will, quite simply, never understand what Paul was talking about," especially in Galatians and Romans.[27] In support of this claim, Wright mentions specifically several verses of Romans 3, which he suggests do not convey how "righteousness" refers to the covenant faithfulness of God or reflect his own thinking about the pistis Christou debate. All editions of the NIV have given "God's Faithfulness" as the heading for Romans –8. Wright's specific objections concerning verses later in the chapter no longer apply to the revision of the NIV, which moreover offers "the faithfulness of Jesus Christ" as an alternative translation to "faith in Jesus Christ" in Romans
Others have also criticized the NIV. In Genesis a translation such as the NRSV uses "formed" in a plain past tense: "So out of the ground the LORD God formed every animal&#;" Some have questioned the NIV choice of pluperfect: "Now the LORD God had formed out of the ground all the wild animals&#;" to try to make it appear that the animals had already been created.[28] Theologian John Sailhamer states "Not only is such a translation&#; hardly possible&#; but it misses the very point of the narrative, namely, that the animals were created in response to God's declaration that it was not good that the man should be alone."[29]
Biblical scholar Bruce M. Metzger criticized the NIV edition[30] for the addition of just into Jeremiah so the verse becomes "For when I brought your forefathers/ancestors out of Egypt and spoke to them, I did not just give them commands about burnt offerings and sacrifices." Metzger also criticized[30] the addition of your into Matthew , so it becomes "Though it (the mustard seed) is the smallest of all your seeds." The usage of your was removed in the revision.
Non-literal translation is used to give interpretations, such as in Luke , which the NIV translates as "for we also forgive everyone who sins against us" rather than "for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us",[31] or translating the Greek word "sarx" (flesh) as "sinful nature".[32]
revision[edit]
Professor of New Testament Studies Daniel B. Wallace[33] praised the update, calling it "a well-thought out translation, with checks and balances through rigorous testing, overlapping committees to ensure consistency and accuracy, and a publisher willing to commit significant resources to make this Bible appealing to the Christian reader."[34] The Southern Baptist Convention rejected the update because of gender-neutral language,[35] although it had dropped some gender-neutral language of the revision.[13] Southern Baptist publisher LifeWay declined the SBC's censor request to remove the NIV from their stores.[36] While the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod rejected its use,[37] some in the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS) believe many of the translations changes are right and defensible.[38]
Professor of New Testament Studies Rodney J. Decker wrote in the Themelios Journal review of the NIV [39][40]
By taking a mediating position between formal and functional equivalence (though tending, I think, closer to the formal end of the spectrum), the NIV has been able to produce a text that is clearer than many translations, especially those weighted more heavily with formal equivalence&#; If we are serious about making the word of God a vital tool in the lives of English-speaking Christians, then we must aim for a translation that communicates clearly in the language of the average English-speaking person. It is here that the NIV excels. It not only communicates the meaning of God's revelation accurately, but does so in English that is easily understood by a wide range of English speakers. It is as well-suited for expository preaching as it is for public reading and use in Bible classes and children's ministries.
References[edit]
- ^ ab"The New International Version". Biblia. Archived from the original on Retrieved
- ^"The New International Reader's Version: What, Who, and Why". International Society of Bible Collectors. Retrieved
- ^"History". NIV Bible.
- ^"About The NIV, Version Information". www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar Retrieved
- ^"August CBA Best Sellers"(PDF). Christian Booksellers Association. Archived from the original(PDF) on Retrieved New International Version #1 in dollar and unit sales
- ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, , p.
- ^Ronald F. Youngblood; Glen G. Scorgie; Mark L. Strauss; Steven M. Voth, eds. (). The Challenge of Bible Translation: Communicating God's Word to the World. Zondervan. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Retrieved
- ^ Jim Ruark, The House of Zondervan: Celebrating 75 Years, Zondervan, USA, , p.
- ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, , p.
- ^ Alec Gilmore, A Concise Dictionary of Bible Origins and Interpretation, Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, , p.
- ^ ab"Update of popular 'NIV' Bible due in ". USA TODAY. Retrieved
- ^Phan, Katherine T. (March 13, ). "New NIV Bible to Debut Amid Ongoing Concern". The Christian Post. Retrieved September 5,
- ^ abSmietana, Bob. "New Bible drops gender-neutral language of '05 version". About www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar. USA TODAY, a division of Gannett Co. Inc. Retrieved
- ^"Updated NIV Text Available for Online Viewing November 1". Zondervan. Archived from the original on Retrieved
- ^World's most popular Bible to be revised, NBC News, 1 September , archived from the original on 15 February , retrieved
- ^"Nueva Versión Internacional - Version Information - www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar".
- ^ John Riches, The New Cambridge History of the Bible: Volume 4, From to the Present, Cambridge University Press, UK, , p.
- ^ Joel Morales Cruz, The Histories of the Latin American Church: A Handbook, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, USA, , p. 49
- ^Irwin, Ben (). History of the English Bible(PDF). Zondervan. p.&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on
- ^Barker, Kenneth L. (). The NIV The Making of a Contemporary Translation. International Bible Society. p.&#;
- ^"About the NIV".
- ^"History of the New International Version". www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar Retrieved
- ^Irwin, Ben (). History of the English Bible(PDF). Zondervan. p.&#; Archived from the original(PDF) on
- ^"Bible Translation Chart"(PDF). Retrieved
- ^"Background of the New International Version (NIV) Bible". "Although archaeological and linguistic discoveries in this century aid in understanding difficult passages", "As for other proper nouns, the familiar spellings of the King James Version are generally retained" Paragraphs 14 & 17
- ^Menzie, Nicola (27 March ). "NIV remains the bestselling Bible translation". Christian Today. Retrieved 16 April
- ^"In this context, I must register one strong protest against one particular translation. When the New International Version was published in , I was one of those who hailed it with delight. I believed its own claim about itself, that it was determined to translate exactly what was there, and inject no extra paraphrasing or interpretative glosses. This contrasted so strongly with the then popular New English Bible, and promised such an advance over the then rather dated Revised Standard Version, that I recommended it to students and members of the congregation I was then serving. Disillusionment set in over the next two years, as I lectured verse by verse through several of Paul's letters, not least Galatians and Romans. Again and again, with the Greek text in front of me and the NIV beside it, I discovered that the translators had another principle, considerably higher than the stated one: to make sure that Paul should say what the broadly Protestant and evangelical tradition said he said. I do not know what version of scripture they use at Dr Piper's church. But I do know that if a church only, or mainly, relies on the NIV it will, quite simply, never understand what Paul was talking about." Wright, N. T. (). Justification&#;: God's Plan and Paul's Vision. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Academic. pp.&#;51– ISBN&#;.
- ^Mariottini, Claude F. (). Rereading the Biblical Text: Searching for Meaning and Understanding. Wipf and Stock. ISBN&#;.
- ^Sailhamer, John H. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Zondervan. ISBN&#;.
- ^ abMetzger, Bruce M. (). The Bible in Translation&#;: Ancient and English Versions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved July 30,
- ^KJV. The NIV has a footnote saying "Greek everyone who is indebted to us".
- ^This is done almost systematically, see Edward W. Goodrick (). The Strongest NIV Exhaustive Concordance. ISBN&#;.
- ^"Daniel B. Wallace Faculty Page". Dallas Theological Seminary. Archived from the original on Retrieved
- ^Wallace, Dan. "A Review of the New International Version ". Archived from the original on Retrieved
- ^Stephanie Samuel. "LifeWay Tells Critics of NIV Bible: 'Trust the Trustees'". Retrieved
- ^Marty King. "LifeWay to continue selling NIV; trustees select new leadership". Archived from the original on Retrieved
- ^Audrey Barrick. "Lutherans Latest to Reject New NIV Bible Over Gender Language". Retrieved
- ^Kenneth A. Cherney, Jr. "Gender-Neutral Language, with Special Reference to NIV "(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on Retrieved
- ^www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar#page=73
- ^www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar#page=74
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