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AeroSafety

WORLD

BRAKING ACTION ON WET RUNWAYS

SLIP-SLIDING AWAY

THE JOURNAL OF FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION

AIRSPACE INTEGRATION

Making way for UAS

PATHOLOGICAL STARTLE

Researchers probe pilot reactions

UNLIMITED CROSSWINDS

Study challenges airline practices

MAY

e Foundation would like to give special recognition to our BARS Benefactors, Benefactor

and Patron members. We value your membership and your high levels of commitment

Snecma

to the world of safety. Without your support, the Foundation’s mission of the

continuous improvement of global aviation safety would not be possible.

bars benefactors

benefactors

patrons

SETBACK IN

Nigeria

By now you may have heard that Harold Demuren,

director general of the Nigerian Civil

Aviation Authority, has been fired. Demuren,

who sits on the Foundation’s Board of Governors,

had been director general since and

made significant progress in advancing aviation and

aviation safety in Nigeria. The Foundation has been

actively involved with public and private support

for Demuren, and we are saddened by his removal.

It has been reported that Nigerian President

Goodluck Jonathan removed Demuren from office

because of two fatal commercial aviation accidents

that occurred in Nigeria last year — reasoning that

we find incomprehensible. No amount of government

oversight could have prevented those tragedies.

Demuren actively spoke out for reform and infrastructure

improvements and set higher operational

standards in Nigeria. He constantly advocated best

practices for operators and worked for the development

of adequate standards for better and safer

service for the people of Nigeria and all of Africa.

Last July, on the occasion of the African

Union Ministerial Conference on Aviation Safety

in Abuja, Nigeria, the country’s vice president,

Namadi Sambo, on behalf of Jonathan, said the

Nigerian federal government had the political

will to implement all resolutions contained in the

then-anticipated Abuja Declaration, the document

ultimately adopted at the conference, to ensure a

safe and secure aviation industry. In addition, he

called on all member nations to cooperate and

collaborate to achieve safer skies for Africa.

A delegation from FlightSafetyFoundation

participated in the conference and presented a

working paper on regulatory and operational

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

safety challenges in the African region. The Foundation

has experience in gathering operational

flight data from this region through our Basic

Aviation Risk Standard (BARS) program. We also

were at the forefront of the issues through our association

with Demuren.

As I mentioned above, there has been safety

and operational progress in Nigeria and throughout

Africa in recent years. New control towers have been

built, low level wind shear detection equipment and

runway visual range monitors have been installed

at some airports, and 24 new flight operations inspectors

and 54 airworthiness inspectors have been

hired. Thirteen African countries now exceed the

International Civil Aviation Organization’s standards

and recommended practices as determined by the

Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program.

Much of this positive momentum can be attributed

to Demuren’s tireless efforts. He was a strong

leader who helped to bring safety issues to the forefront

and promote action on them. He was able to

form alliances with many entities to effect change

and make progress. That type of dedication and

talent will be missed. Jonathan’s use of Demuren as

a scapegoat is a major setback for Nigeria and for

aviation safety in that country and in Africa overall.

Capt. Kevin L. Hiatt

President and CEO

FlightSafetyFoundation

PRESIDENT’SMESSAGE

| 1

12

23

2 |

contents

AeroSafetyWORLD

May

18

features

12 Cover Story | FOQA Demystifies Wet Runways

18 AirportOps | Grasping Wetness of Snow

23 FlightOps | States Compete for UAS Sites

28 FlightTraining | Startle, Freezing and Denial

34 Causal Factors | R22 Crash Invokes Certification

39 ThreatAnalysis | Strong Gusty Crosswinds

departments

1 President’s Message | Setback in Nigeria

5 Editorial Page | Focus on the Journey

7 Leaders Log | Reflections

8 Safety Calendar | Industry Events

9 In Brief | Safety News

Vol 8 Issue 4

FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

45 Data Link | Canadian Runway Incursions

48 Info Scan | Proceed With Caution

53 On Record | ‘Hazardous Proximity’

We Encourage Reprints (For permissions, go to )

28 34 39

About the Cover

Protected flight recorder data reveal unprecedented

insights on wet-runway braking action to a U.S. airline.

© Ismael Jorda/AirTeamImages

Photo illustration: Jennifer Moore

Share Your Knowledge

If you have an article proposal, manuscript or technical paper that you believe would make a useful contribution to the ongoing dialogue about aviation safety, we will be

glad to consider it. Send it to Director of Publications Frank Jackman, N. Fairfax St., Suite , Alexandria, VA USA or jackman@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

The publications staff reserves the right to edit all submissions for publication. Copyright must be transferred to the Foundation for a contribution to be published, and

payment is made to the author upon publication.

Sales Contact

Emerald Media

Cheryl Goldsby, cheryl@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar +1

Kelly Murphy, kelly@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar +1

Subscriptions: All members of FlightSafetyFoundation automatically get a subscription to AeroSafety World magazine. For more information, please contact the

membership department, FlightSafetyFoundation, N. Fairfax St., Suite , Alexandria, VA USA, +1 or membership@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

AeroSafety World © Copyright by FlightSafetyFoundation Inc. All rights reserved. ISSN (print)/ ISSN (digital). Published 11 times a year.

Suggestions and opinions expressed in AeroSafety World are not necessarily endorsed by FlightSafetyFoundation.

Nothing in these pages is intended to supersede operators’ or manufacturers’ policies, practices or requirements, or to supersede government regulations.

AeroSafetyWORLD

telephone: +1

Capt. Kevin L. Hiatt, publisher,

FSF president and CEO

hiatt@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Frank Jackman, editor-in-chief,

FSF director of publications

jackman@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, ext.

Wayne Rosenkrans, senior editor

rosenkrans@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, ext.

Linda Werfelman, senior editor

werfelman@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, ext.

Rick Darby, associate editor

darby@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, ext.

Jennifer Moore, art director

jennifer@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Susan D. Reed, production specialist

reed@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar, ext.

Editorial Advisory Board

David North, EAB chairman, consultant

Frank Jackman, EAB executive secretary

FlightSafetyFoundation

Steven J. Brown, senior vice president–operations

National Business Aviation Association

Barry Eccleston, president and CEO

Airbus North America

Don Phillips, freelance transportation

reporter

Russell B. Rayman, M.D., executive director

Aerospace Medical Association, retired

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY | 3

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Next month, I am scheduled to give

a presentation at the International

Union of Aerospace Insurers’

(IUAI) annual general meeting.

The topic is “ Blip or Step-Change.”

This speaking engagement is significant

on a number of fronts. First of

all, the IUAI meeting is being held in

Bermuda and, as most of you probably

are aware, there are worse places to

spend a few days in early June. Secondly,

I recently marked my one-year anniversary

at FlightSafetyFoundation, so

I’m interpreting Foundation President

and CEO Kevin Hiatt’s approval to

take on this engagement as a vote of

confidence.

Most important, however, is the

subject. Was the much-ballyhooed safest

year since the dawn of time, or least

since the dawn of aviation, a blip on the

continuum or does it mark a permanent

change? Has the industry achieved an

unmatched, sustainable level of safety

excellence?

As we all know by now, the data show

that was the safest year on record

for commercial aviation, particularly if

you just look at Western-built equipment.

But as we have mentioned in Aero-

Safety World, and as was pointed out in

April in Montreal at the Foundation’s

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

FOCUS ON THE

Journey

58th annual Business Aviation Safety

Seminar (BASS), the same stellar accident

rate isn’t found in all geographic

regions or across all aviation sectors.

The commercial aviation accident rate

is significantly worse in Africa than in

North America; there were more accidents

involving turboprops last year

than involving commercial jets; and it’s

tough to compare commercial aviation

to corporate aviation because it’s difficult

to come up with accurate exposure data

such as number of flights or departures

in the business aviation sector.

My presentation still is in the preparation

phase, and I will depend on Kevin

and others here at the Foundation to vet

everything before I actually step onto the

podium in Bermuda, so I’m not yet ready

to answer the “blip or step-change”

question. But I bring up the speech because

with it looming, I find myself very

attuned to what others are saying about

the industry’s accident rate and aviation

safety prospects, and because I recently

returned from BASS, where, of course,

the topic was much discussed.

At BASS, Steve Brown, chief operating

officer for the National Business

Aviation Association, said, “Safety is

what defines the public perception of

business aviation.”

EDITORIALPAGE

Of course, that’s true of commercial

aviation, as well. That perception is

a positive when your accident rate is

improving, but could be a negative in

some sectors, such as emergency medical

services, which have seen a spate of

accidents recently.

Merlin Preuss, vice president of government

and regulatory affairs at the

Canadian Business Aviation Association,

said, “It’s getting harder to avoid the big

one.” He pointed to demographics and

said that business aviation is seeing decreasing

experience levels in operations

personnel and increasing complexity and

sophistication in the aircraft being used.

And George Ferito, outgoing chairman

of the Foundation’s Business Advisory

Committee and an executive at

FlightSafety International, said that it

is inevitable that there will be accidents

and that “safety is not a destination. It’s

a journey.”

So, where are we in our journey?

Frank Jackman

Editor-in-Chief

AeroSafety World

| 5

OFFICERS AND STAFF

Chairman

Board of Governors David McMillan

President and CEO Capt. Kevin L. Hiatt

General Counsel

and Secretary Kenneth P. Quinn, Esq.

Treasurer David J. Barger

ADMINISTRATIVE

Manager of

Support Services and

Executive Assistant Stephanie Mack

FINANCIAL

Financial Operations

Manager Jaime Northington

MEMBERSHIP AND BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Senior Director of

Membership and

Business Development Susan M. Lausch

Director of Events

and Seminars Kelcey Mitchell

Seminar and

Exhibit Coordinator Namratha Apparao

Membership

Services Coordinator Ahlam Wahdan

Consultant, Student

Chapters and Projects Caren Waddell

COMMUNICATIONS

Director of

Communications Emily McGee

GLOBAL PROGRAMS

Director of

Global Programs Rudy Quevedo

Foundation Fellow James M. Burin

BASIC AVIATION RISK STANDARD

BARS Managing Director Greg Marshall

Past President William R. Voss

Founder Jerome Lederer

–

Serving Aviation Safety Interests

for More Than 65 Years

FlightSafetyFoundation is an international membership organization dedicated to

the continuous improvement of aviation safety. Nonprofit and independent, the

Foundation was launched officially in in response to the aviation industry’s need

for a neutral clearinghouse to disseminate objective safety information, and for a credible

and knowledgeable body that would identify threats to safety, analyze the problems and

recommend practical solutions to them. Since its beginning, the Foundation has acted in the

public interest to produce positive influence on aviation safety. Today, the Foundation provides

leadership to more than 1, individuals and member organizations in countries.

MemberGuide

FlightSafetyFoundation

N. Fairfax St., Suite , Alexandria VA USA

tel +1 fax +1 www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Member enrollment ext.

Ahlam Wahdan, membership services coordinator wahdan@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Seminar registration ext.

Namratha Apparao, seminar and exhibit coordinator apparao@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Seminar sponsorships/Exhibitor opportunities ext.

Kelcey Mitchell, director of events and seminars mitchell@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Donations/Endowments ext.

Susan M. Lausch, senior director of membership and development lausch@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

FSF awards programs ext.

Kelcey Mitchell, director of events and seminars mitchell@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Technical product orders ext.

Namratha Apparao, seminar and exhibit coordinator apparao@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Seminar proceedings ext.

Namratha Apparao, seminar and exhibit coordinator apparao@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Website ext.

Emily McGee, director of communications

Basic Aviation Risk Standard

mcgee@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

Greg Marshall, BARS managing director

BARS Program Office: Level 6, Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria Australia

tel +61 fax +61

marshall@www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar

@flightsafety

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar?gid=

FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

Wayne Rosenkrans

A

few months ago I left FlightSafety

Foundation to return to a job in the U.S.

federal government. I left with some regrets,

but I had to give in to some practical

considerations. After more than 1, days

on the road and nearly 2 million miles in the

air, I realized I needed to be home more often to

get to know my family. In addition, I needed to

spend just a few more years in the government

so that when I retire, I receive the full value of a

pension that I had paid into for 26 years. I will

still be working in the safety business, but I will

not be as visible for a little while.

I have written scores of AeroSafety World

editorials and have been given credit for uncovering

more than a few pearls of wisdom

through these columns. As my parting insight,

let me disclose the source of that “wisdom.” The

greatest wisdom in this business has been, and

will remain, the people who read this column.

To appear wise, all I ever had to do was offer

a colleague in one part of the world the solutions

developed by someone I had met a few

days before in another corner of the globe. For

the last few years, I have been little more than a

mirror that reflected the insights generated in

one corner to another.

I have learned to appreciate the power, capability

and resilience of the people who work

in aviation safety. It was my job to spend every

waking hour understanding what you were doing,

what was working, and what was holding

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

you back. Every day I woke up and found myself

among selfless, dedicated and talented people

who couldn’t wait to share their passions and

insights. For me, that was an incredible honor,

and when you receive that sort of honor, the jet

lag and frustrations fade into the background.

Perhaps the greatest lesson I learned is that,

above all else, the aviation safety system needs to

function as a community. Our strength is in our

ability to learn from each other. Our resilience is

in our ability to support one another and overcome

common threats. Aviation safety is not a

business that generates easy-to-calculate financial

returns, or makes heroes out of its leaders. Our

business, on a good day, makes itself appear to

be unnecessary. You can spend a career selflessly

dedicating yourself to driving out risk and saving

lives, only to have the world turn on you when

something goes wrong. We all know that, but

carry on anyway. No one acting alone can last

long in such an environment. We need each other

to survive, and we need each other to succeed.

That is the central purpose of this noble

Foundation. It is our communication network,

it is our support system, it is our community. I

hope all of you support Kevin Hiatt as he leads

the Foundation forward.

I thank all of you for an extraordinary six

years. I have been overwhelmed by your kindness

and hospitality. I have been humbled by

your expertise and dedication.

Until we meet again …

LEADERSLOG

Reflections

BY WILLIAM R. VOSS

| 7

➤ SAFETYCALENDAR

MAY 13–17 ➤ SMS Theory and Principles.

MITRE Aviation Institute. McLean, Virginia, U.S.

Mary Beth Wigger, , , +

(Also JULY 15–18, SEPT. 16–20, DEC. 9–)

MAY 14–23 ➤ Aircraft Accident

Investigation. University of Southern

California Aviation Safety and Security

Program. Los Angeles California, U.S. Raquel

Delgadillo, , ,

+1

MAY 14–16 ➤ Advanced Rotorcraft

Accident Investigation. U.S. Department of

Transportation, Transportation Safety Institute.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. Lisa Colasanti,

, , +1

MAY 16–17 ➤ Air Medical and Rescue

Congress. China Decision Makers Consultancy.

Shanghai, China. , ,+86 21

MAY 20–24 ➤ Unmanned Aircraft Systems.

Southern California Safety Institute. Prague,

Czech Republic. Denise Davalloo, , ,

+1 3, ext

MAY 21–23 ➤ European Business Aviation

Convention & Exhibition (EBACE). European

Business Aviation Association. Geneva,

Switzerland. .

MAY 21–24 ➤ Aircraft Fire and Explosion

Course. BlazeTech. Woburn, Massachusetts, U.S.

Albert Moussa, ,

, +1 ,

ext.

MAY 30–31 ➤ 2Gether 4Safety African

Aviation Safety Seminar. AviAssist Foundation.

Lusaka, Zambia. , , +44 (0)

JUNE 2–13 ➤ Aviation Safety Management

Systems. University of Southern California

Aviation Safety and Security Program. Los

Angeles. Raquel Delgadillo, , , +1

JUNE 3–7 ➤ FlightSafety Officer Course.

Southern California Safety Institute. Halifax,

Nova Scotia, Canada. Denise Davalloo,

, , , ext. ;

+1

JUNE 4–6 ➤ Advanced Commercial Aviation

Accident Investigation. U.S. Department of

Transportation, Transportation Safety Institute.

Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S. Lisa Colasanti,

, , +1

JUNE 6–7 ➤ Overview of Aviation SMS and

Proactive Hazard ID and Analysis Workshop.

ATC Vantage. Tampa, Florida, U.S. ,

+1 (Also NOV. 7–8.)

JUNE 10–14 ➤ Decision-Making

Methodology for Aviation System Block

Upgrades. MITRE Aviation Institute. McLean,

Virginia, U.S. Karina Wright, , , +1

JUNE 14 ➤ Latin America and Caribbean

Conference. Civil Air Navigation Services

Organisation. Willemstad, Curaçao. Anouk

Achterhuis, , , +31 (0)23

JUNE 21 ➤ Dangerous Goods Training

Course for Safety Assessment of Foreign

Aircraft Programme Inspectors. Joint Aviation

Authorities Training Organisation. Hoofddorp,

Netherlands. .

(Also DEC )

JUNE 21–23 ➤ Flight Attendants/Flight

Technicians Conference. National Business

Aviation Association. Washington, D.C. Jay Evans,

, ,

+1

JUNE 24–28 ➤ Safety Assessment of

Aircraft Systems. Cranfield University. Cranfield,

Bedfordshire, England. , , + 44 (0)

(Also NOV. 25–)

JUNE 25–26 ➤ Aviation Safety

Summit. Latin American and Caribbean Air

Transport Association. San José, Costa Rica.

, .

JULY 10 ➤ Hazardous Materials Air Shipper

Certification Public Workshop. Lion Technology.

Dedham, Massachusetts, U.S. (Boston area). Chris

Trum, , ,

+1

JULY 10–11 ➤ Airline Engineering and

Maintenance Safety. Flightglobal and Flight

SafetyFoundation. London. Jill Raine, , , +44 (0) 20

JULY 23–24 ➤ Aviation Human Factors and

SMS Wings Seminar. Signal Charlie. Dallas.

Kent Lewis, , ,

+1

JULY 29–AUG. 2 ➤ Fire and Explosion

Investigation. Southern California Safety

Institute. San Pedro, California, U. S. Denise

Davalloo, ,

, +1 3,

ext

AUG. 12–16 ➤ Aircraft Performance

Investigation. Southern California Safety

Institute. San Pedro, California, U. S. Denise

Davalloo, ,

, +1 3,

ext

AUG. 19–22 ➤ ISASI Preparing the

Next Generation of Investigators. International

Society of Air Safety Investigators. Vancouver,

British Columbia, Canada. Ann Schull, , , +1

SEPT. 29–OCT. 1 ➤ SMS/QA Symposium. DTI

Training Consortium. Disney World, Florida, U.S.

, , +1

OCT. 14–16 ➤ SAFE Association Annual

Symposium. SAFE Association. Reno, Nevada,

U.S. Jeani Benton, , , +1

OCT. 22–24 ➤ SMS II. MITRE Aviation Institute.

McLean, Virginia, U.S. Mary Beth Wigger,

, ,

+1

OCT. 29–31 ➤ 66th International Air Safety

Summit. FlightSafetyFoundation. Washington,

D.C. Namratha Apparao, , ,

+1 , ext.

Aviation safety event coming up?

Tell industry leaders about it.

If you have a safety-related conference,

seminar or meeting, we’ll list it. Get the

information to us early. Send listings to Frank

Jackman at FlightSafetyFoundation, N.

Fairfax St., Suite , Alexandria, VA

USA, or .

Be sure to include a phone number and/

or an email address for readers to contact

you about the event.

8 | FLIGHT SAFETY FOUNDATION | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

INBRIEF

‘Monitoring Matters’

The aviation industry should recognize

the importance of improved cockpit

monitoring by flight crewmembers as

a tool in reducing safety incidents, the U.K.

Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) says.

The CAA said its new Monitoring Matters

safety package — consisting of guidance

material and five video re-enactments

of actual incidents in which poor monitoring

compromised safety — is aimed

primarily at flight training instructors and

will be of interest to all commercial pilots

in multicrew operations.

“Effective monitoring really does

matter on the flight deck,” said Gretchen

Haskins, director of the CAA Safety Regu- © ad_doward/istockphoto

lation Group. “Pilot monitoring skills play

an absolutely vital role in ensuring the safety of aircraft operations.

However, we do see significant variations in the quality of

this monitoring. If we are to maintain the U.K.’s excellent safety

record, we need to ensure all operators are focusing the relevant

components of their ab initio and recurrent training on high

quality cockpit monitoring.”

The CAA described monitoring as “the behaviour and

skills used by pilots to maintain their own ‘big picture’ by

Call for Action

The Canadian aviation community should “step up and find solutions on their own”

to some of the most persistent safety problems plaguing the industry, Wendy Tadros,

chairwoman of the Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB), says.

In a column written for The Hill Times, a weekly publication covering the Canadian

government, Tadros noted that the TSB has “talked repeatedly about what needs to be

done to improve safety — and by extension, save lives.”

However, she added, “when it comes to implementation, progress can easily get

bogged down in layer upon layer of ‘consultation’ and ‘process,’ leaving the regulatory

system so slow it’s almost broken.”

She referred specifically to recent events involving controlled flight into terrain

(CFIT), runway overruns and runway incursions — three items that have been emphasized

for several years on TSB’s Safety Watchlist, a document in which the agency identifies

the greatest risks to transportation safety in Canada.

“Now is the time for Transport Canada to take concrete action,” Tadros said, adding that

industry also should act by “being proactive and adopting stricter safety measures, and no longer

waiting for government to eventually legislate what best practices should be implemented.”

She suggested that the industry improve approach procedures and fully utilize

technology to help prevent CFIT accidents; extend runway end safety areas and provide

pilots with timely information about runway conditions to help curtail runway overruns;

and ensure that pilots are given warnings of collision risks to prevent runway incursions.

www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar | AEROSAFETYWORLD | MAY

Safety News

cross-checking each other’s actions and diligent observation of

the flight path, aircraft system and automation modes.”

The CAA said effective monitoring is a “key safety net” in

preventing — and recovering from — loss of control events,

which the agency cited as one of the “significant seven” risks to

aviation safety. Many loss of control events can be traced to the

failure of pilot training to keep pace with advances in cockpit

technology, the CAA said.

Risks of Corrosion

Inhibitors

Aircraft operators and maintenance

personnel should

use caution in applying

corrosion-inhibiting compounds

to many structural joints, the

Australian Civil Aviation Safety

Authority (CASA) says.

CASA issued an airworthiness

bulletin describing a recent

study that found that, when applied

to highly loaded or fatiguecritical

joints, the compounds

can reduce fatigue life by as much

as half and accelerate the growth

of fatigue cracks.

When used appropriately, the

corrosion-inhibiting compounds

can provide substantial benefits,

CASA said.

| 9

INBRIEF

Tower Closures

Some airport air traffic control towers in

the United States will close June 15 because

of legislative requirements that the Federal

Aviation Administration (FAA) cut $ million

from its budget.

The FAA originally had planned to close the

facilities in April, but the agency said more time

was needed to resolve legal challenges to the

closure decisions.

“Safety is our top priority,” said Transportation

Secretary Ray LaHood. “We will use this

additional time to make sure communities and

pilots understand the changes at their local

airports.”

Operators of about 50 of the airports have said that they may attempt to finance tower operations themselves, and the extra time

will aid in the transition, the FAA said. Tower operations at the other airports will cease.

New Fatigue Rules in Australia

Australia’s Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) has adopted new rules for

fatigue management for flight crewmembers, along with a timetable that calls

for a three-year transition to the new rule set.

The new approach is designed as a three-tier system, designed in recognition

that “fatigue is a complex aviation safety issue, that there is no one-size-fits-all

solution,” CASA said.

The first tier is a basic prescriptive system, with “relatively restrictive flight and

duty time limitations,” designed for use by operators that “do not have the capacity

or experience to integrate additional risk management concepts,” CASA said.

The first tier rules include requirements that a flight duty period be no longer

than nine hours in any one day, with no more than seven hours of flight time;

under certain circumstances, the duty period may be extended by one hour and the

flight time, by 30 minutes. Flight crewmembers also must have at least 12 consecutive

hours off during any hour period and at least two days off during any

seven-day period.

The second tier is a fatigue management system, with more flexible flight

and duty time limits for pilots, and requirements for operators to identify fatigue

hazards and set appropriate flight and duty time limits after taking those hazards

into account.

The third tier is a fatigue risk management system (FRMS), intended for operators

that “seek to demonstrate an alternative approach to fatigue management,”

with requirements for operators to develop appropriate policies for risk management,