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1 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 1 JOKICHI TAKAMINE ( ) AND CAROLINE HITCH TAKAMINE ( ): BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Compiled by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi Copyright by Soyinfo Center

2 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 2 Copyright (c) by William Shurtleff & Akiko Aoyagi All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information and retrieval systems - except for use in reviews, without written permission from the publisher. Published by: Soyinfo Center P.O. Box Lafayette, CA USA Phone: Fax: ISBN (Takamine without hyphens) ISBN (Takamine with hyphens) Printed 10 Sept Price: Available on the Web free of charge Search engine keywords: Biography of Jokichi Takamine ( ) Biography of Caroline Takamine ( ) Biography of Caroline Hitch Takamine ( ) Jokichi Takamine: His Life and Work Jokichi Takamine and Koji Caroline Field Hitch ( ) Caroline Hitch ( ) Jokichi Takamine, Jr. ( ) Ebenezer Takashi Takamine ( ) Eben Takamine ( ) Ebenezer Takamine ( ) Seiichi Takamine (born 18 June in Takaoka, Japan; died 21 Aug in Kanazawa, Japan; father of Jokichi Takamine) Seiichi Takamine ( ,Takaoka, Japan) Yukiko Tsuda (born 25 March in Takaoka, Japan; died 29 April in Kanazawa, Japan) Biography of Charles Beach ( ) Biography of Charles P. Beach ( ) Biography of Charles Pablo Beach ( ) Copyright by Soyinfo Center

3 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 3 Contents Page Dedication and Acknowledgments 4 Introduction and Brief Chronology, by William Shurtleff 5 About This Book Abbreviations Used in This Book How to Make the Best Use of This Digital Book - Search It! Takamine Family Tree Full-Page Graphics Jokichi Takamine and Caroline Hitch Takamine: References in Chronological Order Contains Photographs and Illustrations Subject/Geographical Index by Record Numbers Last Page of Index Copyright by Soyinfo Center

4 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 4 DEDICATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book is dedicated to Jokichi Takamine, Caroline Takamine, and Charles P. Beach. And to J.W. Bennett, PhD - the dean of American Takamine scholars - with the strong wish that she may be able to write her booklength biography of Jokichi and Caroline Takamine. Part of the enjoyment of writing a book lies in meeting people from around the world who share a common interest, and in learning from them what is often the knowledge or skills acquired during a lifetime of devoted research or practice. We wish to give deepest thanks Of the many libraries and librarians who have been of great help to our research over the years, several stand out: University of California at Berkeley: John Creaser, Lois Farrell, Norma Kobzina, Ingrid Radkey. Northern Regional Library Facility (NRLF), Richmond, California: Martha Lucero, Jutta Wiemhoff, Scott Miller, Virginia Moon, Kay Loughman. Stanford University: Molly Molloy, who has been of special help on Slavic-language documents. National Agricultural Library: Susan Chapman, Kay Derr, Carol Ditzler, John Forbes, Winnifred Gelenter, Henry Gilbert, Kim Hicks, Ellen Knollman, Patricia Krug, Sarah Lee, Veronica Lefebvre, Julie Mangin, Ellen Mann, Josephine McDowell, Wayne Olson, Mike Thompson, Tanner Wray. Library of Congress: Ronald Jackson, Ronald Roache. Lane Medical Library at Stanford University. Contra Costa County Central Library and Lafayette Library: Carole Barksdale, Kristen Wick, Barbara Furgason, Sherry Cartmill, Linda Barbero. Harvard University s Five Botanical Libraries (especially Arnold Arboretum Library): Jill Gelmers Thomas. French translation: Martine Liguori of Lafayette, California, for ongoing, generous, and outstanding help since the early s. Japanese translation and maps: Akiko Aoyagi Shurtleff. Loma Linda University, Del E. Webb Memorial Library (Seventh-day Adventist): Janice Little, Trish Chapman. We would also like to thank our co-workers and friends at Soyinfo Center who, since , have played a major role in collecting the documents, building the library, and producing the SoyaScan database from which this book is printed: Irene Yen, Tony Jenkins, Sarah Chang, Laurie Wilmore, Alice Whealey, Simon Beaven, Elinor McCoy, Patricia McKelvey, Claire Wickens, Ron Perry, Walter Lin, Dana Scott, Jeremy Longinotti, John Edelen, Alex Lerman, Lydia Lam, Gretchen Muller, Joyce Mao, Luna Oxenberg, Joelle Bouchard, Justine Lam, Joey Shurtleff, Justin Hildebrandt, Michelle Chun, Olga Kochan, Loren Clive, Marina Li, Rowyn McDonald, Casey Brodsky, Hannah Woodman, Elizabeth Hawkins, Molly Howland, Jacqueline Tao, Lynn Hsu, Brooke Vittimberga. Special thanks to Tom and Linda Wolfe of Berwyn Park, Maryland. And to Lorenz K. Schaller of Ojai, California. For outstanding help on this Takamine book we thank: J.W. Bennett, PhD. Mary Ellen Bowden, Chicago History Museum, John Conway, Wayne Dawson, Naoto Endo, Kate Gordon, Sharon E. Hunt, Isamu Sam Ikeda, J.J. Lamb, Hitoshi Masuyama, Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan (Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum), Bonnie Meyer, Peoria Public Library, Tara Buckstad-Russo, Andrew Salinas, Sherri Schneider, Elaine Sokolowski, Sullivan County Government Center, Tomio Taki, Mary Ann Toomey, Yutaka Yamamoto. Finally our deepest thanks to Tony Cooper of San Ramon, California, who has kept our computers up and running since Sept Without Tony, this series of books on the Web would not have been possible. This book, no doubt and alas, has its share of errors. These, of course, are solely the responsibility of William Shurtleff. This bibliography and sourcebook was written with the hope that someone will write a detailed and well-documented history of this subject. Copyright by Soyinfo Center

5 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 5 INTRODUCTION Brief chronology of Jokichi Takamine June 18 Seiichi Takamine, his father, is born in Takaoka city, Kaga-han (feudal domain), Etchū province, Japan. His family were samurai physicians (Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan) March 25 Yukiko Tsuda, his mother, born in Takaoka, Kaga-han, Etchū province, Japan. Her family owned and operated a sake (rice wine) factory; sake is made from rice koji July 8 Commodore Matthew C. Perry first arrives in Japan, in Edo (today s Tokyo) harbor with his heavily armed and menacing fleet of tall black ships. Japan has been closed to virtually all European contact since ( years). The Japanese ask him to kindly move on to Nagasaki. He refuses and forces them to take a letter from American president Willard Fillmore which demands that ports be opened to American trade, that prisoners be treated well and given back, etc. The Japanese reject his demands and Perry withdraws from Japan knowing he would return March 31 Commodore Perry returns to Edo Harbor, Japan, in Feb. , more heavily armed than before. After long and tense negotiations, on 31 March , the Japanese sign the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opens Japan to the West. This ended Japan s + year policy of isolation, ushering in a new era Nov. 3 Jōkichi Takamine born in Takaoka (a small town on the west coast of Japan), Kaga-han (feudal domain), Fuchū province, Japan. The eldest child of a family with 6 brothers and 7 sisters, he will soon become an important part of Japan s new era (Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan) When Jokichi is one year old, his mother brings him to the castle town of Kanazawa. His father, a samurai, has worked there. Through his mastery of the Dutch language, Seiichi Takamine acquired knowledge of European modern medicine and chemistry, and was one of the few medical doctors in Japan at the time who knew both Western and traditional Japanese medical practices (Yamashima , p. 95) Jokichi enters the Merindo school of the Kaga domain. He also starts to receive calligraphy lessons from Shundai Nakamura (Iinuma , Chronological record of Dr. Jokichi Takamine) Aware of increasing pressure from the West, the samurai lord of the Kaga domain decides to send promising boys from his province to Nagasaki, which at time was the only place in Japan where fleeting glimpses of the West could be obtained. Jokichi (age 12) is one of those sent to Nagasaki ( miles away) where he is taken into the home of Portuguese Consul Lorero to learn basic English. When the Consul was found to be more or less versed in Japanese, in Jokichi was sent to Missionary Fulbenchy s English School in Nagasaki (Kawakami , p. 6; Iinuma ) Aug. 5 Caroline Field Hitch, Jokichi s wife to be, is born in Falmouth, Massachusetts. Her parents are Ebenezer Vose Hitch and Mary Beatrice Field The Imperial Court and the new Meiji government move from the ancient city of Kyoto to Tokyo (formerly Edo), the new capital of Japan Jokichi (age 15) moves to Kyoto where he studies military science at Yukinosuke Ando s private school. Soon he moves to Osaka, where he enters the Ogata private school (Iinuma ) In Osaka, he enters the Osaka Medical School. Also receives analytical chemistry lessons under Prof. Litter of Osaka Chemistry School, and learns English from Prof. Osborne at Nanao Language Institute, under a Kaga domain scholarship. Soon, however, he finds chemistry more fascinating than medicine, causing him to change his original intention of succeeding his father as a practicing physician (Kawakami , p. 6; Iinuma ) autumn Jokichi, age 19, moves to Tokyo, the new seat of government. One of 23 students on a government scholarship, he begins to major in applied chemistry at the Imperial College of Engineering / Kobu Technical School (today s Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University) (Kawakami , p. 7; Iinuma ) He graduates at age 25 with the first graduating class from Kobu University and becomes one of the first Japanese university graduates. At the graduation ceremony, Henry Dyer, first head of the college, gives some parting words of advice. Never forget that you live not only for yourself but also for society. At that time, young people like Jokichi were filled with a sense of mission to serve their country. He is soon selected by the Ministry of Engineering as a full-scholarship student (one of 11) to study abroad in Great Britain (Kawakami , p. 7; Daiichi-Sankyo , Part 1). Copyright by Soyinfo Center

6 JOKICHI TAKAMINE Now age 27, Jokichi is sent on a government scholarship for three years of postgraduate study in Britain. This is his first trip outside of Japan. He is admitted to Glasgow University in Scotland and the Andersonian University (now Strathclyde University) where he masters industrial chemistry and electro-chemistry. During vacations he visits various chemical plants in Liverpool and Manchester and studies actual manufacturing processes for chemical fertilizers and soda products (Kawakami , p. ; Iinuma ) Jokichi returns to Japan and joins the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. His job here is to study some of Japan s traditional industries, such as the manufacture of saké (Japanese rice wine, including koji), washi (Japanese rice paper) and indigo, with the goal of improving them. This special work of investigation was initiated by Takamine himself. He believed such industries could be improved by the application of modern science and technology (Kawakami , p ) He visits the United States as one of two Japanese commissioners to the New Orleans World s Fair and Cotton Centennial. Intrigued by phosphatic fertilizer on display, he brings back a sample of superphosphate of lime for his research in Japan. He meets Caroline Hitch, age 18, born on 5 Aug Dec. 14 Earliest known U.S. article that mentions Jokichi Takamine (in the Daily Picayune {New Orleans}), titled Society, says: A very enjoyable affair was given last Thursday evening at the residence of Capt. E.V. Hitch by a number of young gentlemen in compliment of charming young ladies who had a week previously acted as hosts. Among the pretty young ladies at the soirée were Carrie Hitch. The many gentlemen hosts included J. Takamini [sic]. A party of young ladies and gentlemen, chaperoned by Mr. and Mrs. Ralston, of California, witnessed the performance at the St. Charles Theatre last Friday evening. Included in the party were Mr. J. Takamine, a distinguished Japanese nobleman now on a mission to the Exposition; and Miss Carrie Hitch Feb. 8 Second U.S. article that mentions Jokichi Takamine (in the Daily Picayune {New Orleans}) says at the World s Exposition the event of the day was the opening of the exhibit of the Kingdom of Belgium to public investigation. Invited guests in attendance were Hon. J. Takamine and K. Tamari, Commissioners, of Japan; Back in Japan, he becomes temporary Chief of the Patent Office for one year. He helped to lay the foundations of patent administration in Japan Takamine is given leave from his official duties in Japan to establish the Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company, a factory for the manufacture of superphosphates, the first of its kind in East Asia. His partners are Eiichi (Yeji) Shibusawa, Kiyonari Yoshida, and Takashi Matsuda; he becomes technical director of the company. He begins by importing large amounts of phosphate rock from Charleston, South Carolina; he and his bride had visited that city on their honeymoon. His first order, from the Farmer s Phosphate Company through Major Willis, is for more than 2, tons (Daily Picayune 30 Aug. , 26 Feb. ; Japan and America, Jan. , p ). Previously most of Japan s fertilizer had been partially defatted soybean cake imported from Manchuria. Considering himself now financially established, he is ready to go to the U.S. to marry Caroline Hitch (Miles , p. ; Mainichi Shimbun March 25, History of Takamine) Aug. 10 He and Caroline are married in New Orleans in a French Quarter wedding. He is age 32 years and 9 months; she is just The next day the Daily Picayune (p. 8) runs a long article headlined A Brilliant Wedding The sequel to a happy love affair. It was an unconventional match for the era but one that would eventually cement Takamine s ties to the USA. On their honeymoon the young couple visited fertilizer manufacturing plants in the Carolinas and then to Washington, DC, where Takamine studied U.S. patent law. Finally they traveled west to California and then sailed to Japan, where the young couple established housekeeping near the Tokyo Artificial Fertilizer Company. In short order, two sons were born (Bennett , p. 6) Aug. 28 Jokichi Takamine, Jr. is born in Tokyo, Japan, the first child of Caroline and Jokichi Aug. 31 Ebenezer Takashi Takamine is born in Tokyo, Japan. Note that he was born almost exactly one year after his elder brother For a complex (and as yet unclear) combination of reasons, J. Takamine decides to move to the U.S. with his wife and children. According to Yamashima (): After putting his fertilizer company on a sound financial basis, Takamine received a telegram from his mother-in-law informing him that a large Chicago [Illinois] distillery was interested in applying his diastase to the manufacture of whiskey. She had already been instrumental in marketing his scientific discoveries to the American business community and in founding a new company to hold the patents. Three days after the Takamine family sailed from Yokohama to the United States, Jokichi became seriously ill Copyright by Soyinfo Center

7 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 7 from liver trouble. At one point he prepared for the worst by writing his will. Fortunately, by the time the ship reached Seattle Takamine s condition had materially improved, and he was able to go ashore, though not without difficulty. A good rest in Seattle and in San Francisco refreshed him, and when he arrived in Chicago he was able to proceed with the demonstration of his distilling process (Kawakami , p. 28) In Dec he arrives in Chicago, Illinois, and (working closely with both his wife s parents), establishes the Takamine Ferment Co. and becomes involved in a project (with the whisky trust ) to replace malt with koji in the manufacture of whisky in order to increase the yield of whisky per bushel of corn and decrease the cost of making whisky Feb. 18 Joseph Greenhut, president of the massive whisky trust (whose headquarters are in Peoria, Illinois), hires Jokichi Takamine to apply his new koji process to making whisky (Klein , p. 89) Feb. 20 The first article about Jokichi Takamine s work with koji appears in the Chicago Daily Tribune. Titled Whiskey to be cheaper. Discovery of a new and better process of manufacture. From 12 to 15 per cent can be saved over the old method Takamine a Japanese, the inventor He sells his secret to the trust It will be immediately utilized. Prospect of a reduction of the retail price, it explains that he wants to replace malt with koji in the process of making whiskey in Peoria, Illinois. He is now a resident of Chicago. He has made tests of his new process at the Phoenix and other distilleries in Peoria. The Takamine Ferment Company is mentioned Feb. 28 The first article about the work of Jokichi Takamine that mentions diastase (a starch-digesting enzyme now, called amylase) or koji (the source of enzymes in making Japanese sake, soy sauce, miso, and amazake) is published. These enzymes convert starch into sugar, which (in the absence of salt) can then be fermented into alcohol. It also states that Mr. Takamine has patented his new process in Europe and the United States and that he has just entered into a contract with the Distillers and Cattle Feeders Company (whisky trust) of Peoria, Illinois (Peoria Herald, p. 8). In Peoria, Illinois, Mr. Takamine lives in a house at N. Jefferson St. Next to this house he builds his first laboratory in the USA in an old carriage house, which he calls The White House ; here he would work late into the night, for he was a hard, self-imposed taskmaster, who scarcely knew the meaning of rest (Henry George III, Coronet, p ; East , p ; Eslinger ). After leaving the home on North Jefferson Ave., the Takamine family lived for some years in the old National Hotel at Jefferson and Hamilton in Peoria (Smith ) March 6 At a meeting of stockholders of the Takamine Ferment company held yesterday in the company s offices, Room Chamber of Commerce Building [Chicago], the capital stock of the company was increased from $1, to $10,, (Chicago Daily Tribune, p. 9). Note: In the Takamine s home in Chicago was at Ontario March 7 A major front-page article, by the Associated Press, appears in the Los Angeles Times. Titled Microbe straight. The new drink that barkeepers will serve, it begins: Chicago, March 6. The Takamine Ferment Company, organized by the Whiskey Trust to exploit a new process of whisky-making invented by the Japanese chemist Takamine, has increased its capital stock to $10,, June 17 Jokichi Takamine, a Japanese chemist residing in Chicago, applies for his first U.S. koji patent. However he has already secured patents in Canada, Belgium, France, and Austria-Hungary Sept. 24 Another major article about Jokichi Takamine appears in the Chicago Daily Tribune (p. 7). Peoria For several months the Distillers and Cattle Feeders company [whisky trust] has been experimenting with the Takamine process of making whiskey. Takamine has been here personally conducting the experiment. The distillers are so well pleased that they have decided to fit up the Manhattan distillery with new machinery. The new plan greatly reduces the cost of manufacture. A queer feature is that a species of bugs found on the rice is used instead of yeast for the fermenting process. No: A species of mold is used instead of malt. Takamine s work was strongly opposed by the maltsters, who made malt by sprouting barley as a source of enzymes in the manufacture of whisky. If Takamine s work succeeded, they stood to lose their jobs - and their companies Oct. 8 A fire of unknown origin, which started shortly after midnight, burns one building at the Manhattan Distillery (3 story brick building at South Water St., Peoria), which was being fitted for experiments in the manufacture of Tackimine [sic, Takamine] whiskey. (Peoria Transcript, p. 8, col. 3). Peoria fire department records show that there was no major fire in as was later often reported in literature about Takamine. The building that was burned down was soon rebuilt (Kawakami , p. 30) Oct. 12 Takamine applies for a key British koji Copyright by Soyinfo Center

8 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 8 patent, No. 17, A fungus of the genus Aspergillus is grown on steamed rice to make Taka-Moyashi and pure Taka-Moyashi. Tané-Koji (or seed koji) or Moyashi, is a term that as been heretofore applied to a yellowish green mouldy mass, consisting of steamed rice covered by a Mycelial fungus, bearing yellowish green spherical cells, and has the property of producing both diastase and ferment cells. It has not heretofore been designated by any specific name and, and I call it Aspergillus Koji. This is the earliest document seen in which Dr. Takamine mentions the word Aspergillus (a genus of molds / fungi) or the terms Tané-Koji or ashes of trees in connection with koji. This patent was issued on 12 Oct In Chicago, the Takamine family resides at Ontario. The Takamine Ferment Company has an office in the Chamber of Commerce Building, room J. Takamine is president of the company, Edward Moore is secretary, and E.W. Hitch is treasurer (Chicago City Directory, p. ) April 17 Yet another major article about Jokichi Takamine appears in the Chicago Daily Tribune (p. 6). He has survived the fire and now, for the first time, we learn that his koji is made from wheat bran which is much less expensive than other substrates for producing koji Feb. 23 Jokichi Takamine applies for his earliest patent (U.S. Patent No. ,) which contains the word enzyme (or enzymes ) or the terms diastatic enzyme or taka-koji or tane-koji in connection with koji. This is the first patent on a microbial enzyme in the United States. This enzyme possesses the power of transforming starch into sugar. This patent was issued on 11 Sept It was the key patent in the production of Taka-diastase, a digestive enzyme. Takamine, in , was probably the first to realize the technical possibilities of enzymes from molds and to introduce such enzymes to industry (Underkofler , p. 98) May 25 The directors of the Distillers and Cattle Feeders Company [whisky trust] have decided to adopt the Takamine process for making whisky and signed a contract with the Takamine Co. The trust, which now owns over 20 distilleries, expects to save $1,, a year using the Takamine process (Chicago Daily Tribune, p. 2; Wall Street Journal, p. 1; Washington Post, May 26, p. 5) Aug. 16 The International Takamine Co. is incorporated in Chicago, Illinois, with a capital stock of $5,, to control the use of Taka-Diastase. The incorporators are Jokichi Takamine (president), Mary B. Hitch and E.V. Hitch (The North American, Aug. 18, p. 5) Dec. Takamine s process was put into production in December, at the Manhattan distillery in Peoria, which was equipped with new machinery for that purpose. The scientist s triumph was short lived. Within two months the Distilling and Cattle Feeding Company was in the hands of receivers appointed by the United States Circuit Court in Chicago. The receivers changed the distillery back to the old process and at Takamine s request his contracts with the trust were cancelled without remuneration to him (East , p ). Ultimately, the whisky trust collapsed because of trustbusting legislation enacted by the Illinois General Assembly in and the depression of The trust, for all practical purposes, ended in (Klein , Journal Star {Peoria}, 10 May , p. C12). Note: This is one unglamorous reason for the end of Takamine s experiments in Peoria, and not because of a fire. Yet another key reason may have been that he had to be rushed to Chicago by train for an emergency liver operation. Unfortunately we do not know the date of this emergency (see Kawakami , p ). It was probably after he sued the whisky trust in March After the operation, with great help from his wife, he slowly recovered. Although his future did not look bright, he refused to give up Feb. 16 By this time the whisky trust is in receivership which is now in charge. The receivership is being moved from the United States court at Peoria to the office in Chicago March 6 Takamine sues whisky trust. Declares it has not kept a contract and wants a remedy is the title of an article in the Chicago Daily Tribune. He filed a petition yesterday in the United States Court against the receivers of the whisky trust. He alleges that in he entered into a contract with the officers of the trust which they have not honored July Parke, Davis & Company (a pharmaceutical company in Detroit, Michigan) is now aggressively marking (and perhaps making) Taka-Diastase in powder form as a digestive drug, under license from Dr. Takamine (Therapeutic Notes, ad on unnumbered page; Mahoney , p. 73). Kawakami (, p. 26) states: At first Taka-Diastase was made by the Takamine Ferment Company on a comparatively small scale. Later, when its efficacy became more widely known, Parke, Davis & Company of Detroit undertook, as it still does, to manufacture it and put it more extensively on the market. The royalties from this product, based on koji, soon make him a wealthy man. Taka-Diastase was probably the first microbial enzyme to be made commercially in the United States. Several plant Copyright by Soyinfo Center

9 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 9 enzymes were sold commercially before microbial enzymes (Dr. J.W. Bennett Sept. , personal communication) Back in Chicago, Takamine and his family reside at Woodlawn Ave. The Takamine Ferment Company has an office in the Chamber of Commerce Building, room J. Takamine is president of the company, John White is secretary. (Chicago City Directory, p. ) May 23 J. Takamine, still residing in Chicago, applies for a U.S. patent on a process for removing glycerin from used printers rollers Dec. With Parke, Davis & Co. as his patron, Takamine moves his family to New York and establishes an independent laboratory on East rd Street in Manhattan [New York] (Bennett , p. xi) John Jacob Abel, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University, announces the discovery and isolation of crystalline epinephrine. A year later Otto von Furth in Europe announces the discovery of suprarenin (Kawakami , p ; Bowden et al. , p. 49). Yet neither of these relatives of adrenaline is isolated in its pure form Feb. 28 Takamine s most important (and most brilliant) scientific article to date, titled Diastatic substances from fungus growths, is published in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry (London) (p ) J. Takamine applies, in Japan, for the degree of Doctor of Chemical Engineering. He receives this doctoral degree the same year (W.W. Scott , p. ). From now on he may be called Dr. Takamine Sankyo Shoten is founded in Japan to distribute Taka- Diastase, imported from the USA The Takamine Ferment Company still has an office in Chicago at Washington, room J. Takamine is still president and Edward Moore is secretary (Chicago City Directory). The Takamine family now lives in New York City and no longer has a residence in Chicago summer Takamine begins his research on adrenalin (American J. of Pharmacy, , p. ) June Keizo Uenaka (first misspelled Wooyenaka by Dr. Takamine in April ) succeeds in crystallizing adrenaline. Uenaka is a young chemist Takamine had hired from Japan to work in his private laboratory at East rd St., Manhattan, New York City, on a project to isolate the active principal of the adrenal glands of sheep, suggested to Takamine by Parke, Davis & Co. (Bennett , p. xi; Yamashima , p ). It is widely stated in academic works that John Jacob Abel (of Johns Hopkins University) and Jokichi Takamine discovered epinephrine (adrenaline) independently; some give credit to Abel for discovering it first, but to Takamine for isolating the pure substance (Bennett ; Yamashima ) Nov. 5 Takamine first applies for a patent on his process for the isolation of adrenalin, the active principle of the suprarenal glands (U.S. Patent Nos. , to ,; Yamashima , p ). This is the first hormone to be isolated in pure form, and is thus a landmark in the history of medicine, biochemistry, and physiology (Lehninger , p. ). This patent process for adrenalin becomes very complex; it is the first natural substance (a substance found in nature) ever to be patented. In one lawsuit (Parke-Davis v. Mulford) in April , Judge Learned Hand expressed his perplexity as a non-scientist in having to rule in such a precedentsetting case. He ruled in favor of Takamine (Mahoney , p. 74). Yet intense debate still swirls on the central question decided by Hand: Can an isolated or purified natural substance be patented? (Harkness , p ) March 19 Takamine applies for a trademark on Adrenalin (Yamashima , p ) April 15 Takamine s first scientific paper on Adrenalin, titled The blood-pressure-raising principle of the suprarenal glands A preliminary report, is published in Therapeutic Gazette (Detroit) a journal published by Parke, Davis & Co June 6 Dr. Takamine first formally announces the discovery of Adrenalin in a scientific paper read before a convention of the American Medical Association in St. Paul, Minnesota. The paper is titled The Active Principle of Suprarenal Glands Nov. Takamine publishes his findings on adrenalin in an article titled Adrenalin the active principle of the suprarenal glands and its mode of Preparation, in The American Journal of Pharmacy. Nov. p Also in Parke, Davis & Co. introduced adrenaline to the medical profession (Bett , p. ). The combined royalties from Taka-Diastase and Adrenalin, plus the income from his growing businesses in Japan, will soon make Dr. Takamine an increasingly wealthy man. He begins to look for creative ways to use his wealth to help others and to promote friendship and understanding between Japan and the United States Nov. 29 On his way to Japan, Dr. Takamine begins a Copyright by Soyinfo Center

10 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 10 speaking tour of the British Isles. He is lauded everywhere he goes for his good humor, interesting talks, and scientific ability (Chemist and Druggist {London}, Dec. 7, p. ) Jan. 18 In an article about adrenaline titled The blood-pressure-raising principle of the suprarenal gland published in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association, Takamine gives his title and address as: M.D., Central Park West, New York City May 17 Dr. Takamine, with his wife and sons, departs from Japan for San Francisco on the Japanese steamer America Maru (Japan Weekly Mail, p. ) Aug. 14 Caroline Takamine buys the Takamine family s first land at Merriewold Park (Sullivan County, New York). She buys many parcels but the actual acreage is not show on the land deed. The family bought land here and was admitted to the Park community largely because Caroline s younger sister, Marie Morelle Septima Hitch, had married Henry George, Jr., an early Merriewold member. Note that this land was purchased a little more than 2 years before Jokichi Takamine was given Sho-Foo-Den (Shofu-Den) Jan. The first significant biography of J. Takamine is published from a Japanese viewpoint (Japan and America, Supplement, p ) April 30 The Louisiana Purchase Exposition (informally known as the St. Louis World s Fair ) opens in St. Louis, Missouri, continuing until Dec. 1. Japan has a major pavilion. Dr. Takamine is a member of the jury March 15 Dr. Takamine establishes The Nippon Club, a gentleman s club for Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals in New York City. Initially it occupies a townhouse at Riverside Drive. In it was at 44 W. 85 th St. In it moved into a Renaissance Revival building at West 93 rd St., designed for the Club by the architect John Vredenburgh Van Pelt and erected in After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (Dec. ), the building was seized by the federal government (Japan in New York, ; Wikipedia, at Nippon Club) Nov. 25 Dr. Jokichi Takamine, who now resides at 45 Hamilton Terrace in New York City, is given three Japanese buildings which were brought to this country and formed the main Japanese pavilion at last year s world s fair in St. Louis, Missouri, as a reward from the Emperor for his service to the Imperial Japanese Commission. The buildings will be re-erected at Dr. Takamine s summer home at Merriewold, Sullivan County, about 75 northwest of Manhattan. The foundations for the buildings have already been laid (Republican Watchman {Monticello, New York}, p. 1; New-York Tribune, 27 April , p. 11). He renames the buildings Sho-Foo-Den, which means Pine Maple Hall Sept. J. Takamine applies, in Japan, for the degree of Doctor of Pharmacology by presenting a thesis of his and his curriculum vitae (Miles Laboratories , p. 1). He is awarded this doctoral degree the same year (W.W. Scott , p. ) May 19 The Japan Society is organized in New York at a gathering where General Kuroki, hero of the Russo-Japanese War, was visiting. Its goal was to facilitate personal contact and mutual understanding between the Americans and the Japanese. Dr. Takamine was the moving spirit and the Society s first vice-president. (Kawakami , p. 55) Dr. Takamine gives the address of his residence as 45 Hamilton Terrace, New York City. Telephone: Audubon; his office address as W. th St. Telephone: 95 Audubon (Japan in New York, Japanese Directory) Jokichi Takamine and his family move into an elegant six-story (including basement) beaux-arts townhouse at Riverside Drive, between th and th streets, on the upper west side of Manhattan, New York City. This townhouse was occupied until by the Nippon Club, which Dr. Takamine founded in A photograph of this house, taken in , is posted at Sept Prince and princess Kuni of the Japanese Imperial family visit Sho-Fu-Den on their way from Europe back to Japan. Princess Kuni was pregnant at the time with Princess Nagako Kuniyoshi, who later married Emperor Hirohito on 24 Jan inside the Imperial Palace in Tokyo. Caroline found the formal visit exhausting; although she spoke very little Japanese, she was expected to play the role of accomplished hostess to the royal couple (New York Times, 20 Sept. ; de Mille , p ). Note: The date of this visit is often given incorrectly as Sept. 30 Jokichi Takamine and a committee of Japanese residents give 2, cherry trees and a memorial bronze tablet to the city of New York. They are to be planted around Grant s Tomb on Riverside Drive to commemorate the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. But the trees are infested and have to be destroyed. So the committee tries again, hoping the trees will arrive in the spring of (Fairchild , p ; National Park Service ) The Takamine Ferment Company still has an office in Chicago at Washington, room (Chicago City Directory, p. ). Copyright by Soyinfo Center

11 JOKICHI TAKAMINE March 28 The first of thousands of cherry blossom trees is planted in the West Potomac Park surrounding the Tidal Basin in Washington, DC. The funding for the trees came from Dr. Takamine. But, as a private businessman, scientist, and goodwill ambassador, Dr. Takamine didn t think he should be out front on this, so he and Japan s Consul General in New York agreed that the gift should be made through official channels (Washington Post, p. 2; Bennett ; Malott ). Also in , Dr. Takamine gave 50 cherry trees to Parke-Davis in Detroit in token of his appreciation for the kindness and good-will the company had shown him during the past seventeen years (Mahoney , p ) Takamine travels to Japan. Sankyo Shoten in Japan, now growing rapidly, is reorganized as a joint stock company and incorporated under the new name Sankyo Co., Ltd. Dr. Jokichi Takamine, living in the United States, becomes the company s first president (Iinuma ; Yomiuri Shinbun 25 March ) Takamine is awarded the Imperial Academy Prize for his discovery of Adrenaline. He is also elected a member of the Imperial Academy Dr. Takamine lists the address of his office and laboratory as W. rd St., N.Y.C. (American Political Science Association, List of members, p. 37; Physicians Who s Who, p. ) For his scientific and entrepreneurial accomplishments, the emperor of Japan decorates Dr. Takamine with the Order of the Rising Sun, Fourth Class (New York Times 23 July , p. 19) Sept. 29 Ebenezer Eben Takashi Takamine marries Ethel Johnson in New York City (New York Times, Sept. 30). By marrying a non-citizen, Ethel gives up her U.S. citizenship. Eben s second marriage was to Odette Jean on 25 July His third marriage was to Catherine McMahon on 2 Oct Eben had no children Nov. Takamine Laboratory, Inc. is moved to (or established at) Clifton, New Jersey. It does both manufacturing and research (Scott , p ) June 4 Jokichi Joe Takamine, Jr. is married to Hilda Petrie. The place of marriage is unknown. They have two children: Caroline Yuki Takamine (born 20 May in New Jersey) and Jokichi Takamine III (born 6 Feb. , in Passaic County, New Jersey) July Caroline Takamine (residing at Riverside Dr.) sells what was her husband s laboratory and office at West rd St. He apparently no longer needs it (Real Estate Record and Builders Guide, July 26, p. 67) May 17 Jokichi Takamine writes his last will and testament. He asks that his body either be dissected for the advancement of science or cremated and the ashes buried partly in the USA and partly in Japan (New York Times Aug. 4) June - Jokichi Takamine and his wife move out of their six-story townhouse at Riverside Drive, Manhattan, New York City. They move to 93 Boulevard, Passaic, New Jersey (New York Times June 24; June 14 (approx.) Jokichi Takamine converts to Catholicism, from Buddhism, the religion of his birth, while in the hospital only 6 weeks before his death. He told his wife, Caroline, who had converted to Catholicism before he did, that the one thing missing in his life he felt could be supplied only in a belief in God (New York Times July 26, p. 13) July 22 (Saturday) Jokichi Takamine dies in New York City at age He died at Lenox Hill Hospital of a complicated kidney disease chronic nephritis (death certificate). His death warranted a full-column obituary in the New York Times. He was perhaps the best known Japanese in this country. He and Caroline had been married for nearly 35 years. His body was taken to his home at 93 Boulevard, Passaic, New Jersey, where it remained until Monday afternoon (July 23, p. 19) July 24 (Mon.) This afternoon his body is taken to the Nippon Club (which he founded and was for 18 years the president) at West 93 rd St., where a memorial service is held at 6 o clock in the evening. His coffin is surrounded by more than floral pieces from prominent Japanese and American friends An American and a Japanese flag were crossed on his breast, symbolical of his efforts to cement the friendship between the two countries. A moving tribute to Dr. Takamine is published today in the New York Times (July 23, p. 19; July p. 14) July 25 (Tues.) His body is taken to St. Patrick s Cathedral where funeral services are held at Rev. Father William B. Martin, acting rector of the Cathedral and Master of Ceremonies at the funeral, tells how six weeks earlier he had converted to Roman Catholicism from Buddhism (New York Times July 26, p. 13) After August 3, when his will is filed for probate in Paterson, New Jersey, he is buried in a stately Takamine family mausoleum that his wife established at Woodlawn Copyright by Soyinfo Center

12 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 12 Cemetery, Bronx, New York. The Catholic church bars cremation and there is no interest among physicians in dissection (New York Times Aug. 4) June 17 Caroline Takamine first tries to sell the Takamine land and buildings at Merriewold via three large display ads in the New York Times real estate section. The ads begin: Cost over $, For sale $70, Sho-Foo-Den, Merriewold Park, Sullivan County. Twenty acres in restricted preserve of fifteen hundred acres But no buyer is found Aug. 16 Caroline Hitch Takamine and Charles Pablo Beach are married at St. Augustine Cathedral (the main Catholic church) in Tucson, Pima County, Arizona (marriage certificate). Caroline had gone to Vail, south of Tucson, Arizona, to be with her youngest son, Eben, who was there for health reasons, recovering from the breakup of his first marriage, and staying with Charles P. Beach, a ranch hand living on a ranch in or near Vail (De Mille , p ) Aug. 22 The first, best, and most important biography of Dr. Takamine ever written is published in Japan. The title is Takamine hakase [Dr. Takamine], by Matasaku Shiobara (Tokyo: Ozorosha; p.). Shiobara was Takamine s close friend and business associate Jokichi Takamine: A Record of His American Achievements, by K.K. Kawakami is published (New York, NY: William E. Rudge, x + 74 p.). This is the first Englishlanguage book-length biography about Dr. Takamine and it contains a wealth of valuable information. Yet the lack of many key dates is frustrating. Agnes de Mille (, p. ) says: It was written under the supervision and at the request of Caroline and it reads like a public relations tract Dec. 8 Charles and Catherine Beach, after having been married for more than 2 years, make their first land purchase acres southwest of Vail, Arizona. At some unknown date they build a very nice ranch which they call El Rancho de los Ocotillos (land deed) Feb. 22 Jokichi ( Jo ) Takamine, Jr. dies of a skull fracture in New York City. He fell (or was pushed), while intoxicated, from a 14 th floor hotel window. He is buried in the family mausoleum established by his father at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York (New York Times, Feb. 23). His brother, Eben, takes over as president of the Takamine Laboratory in Clifton, New Jersey June 16 Caroline H. Beach (formerly Caroline Takamine Beach) sells most of her land and Sho-Fu-Den at Merriewold to John Moody through his Moodyson Corporation. On 3 May she sells two remaining parcels (Lots 13 and 14) to Anna A. Moody March 6 Charles P. Beach makes his biggest land transaction to date. He swaps his homestead land near the Navajo reservation to the north for 1, acres of equivalent value in Township 17S Range 15E south of Vail, Arizona (land patents and deeds) March 31 Santa Rita in the Desert, a small but exquisite Roman Catholic chapel at Vail, Arizona, is dedicated by the bishop of the Tucson diocese to the memory of Jokichi Takamine. A gift from Caroline Takamine Beach, it was conceived of and designed by Caroline and her husband Charles and constructed during Rita is the saint of the impossible (Consulich ; Grigsby ). The chapel is active to this day Feb John Moody sells his land and Sho-Fu-Den at Merriewold (Sullivan County, New York) to Melvin Chester Osborn who proceeds to commercialize and desecrate it Feb. 16 Ebenezer Eben Takashi Takamine becomes a U.S. citizen under the terms of the McCarran-Walter Act, which went into effect in Dec Unfortunately, his father was never able to become a U.S. citizen (The Call {Paterson, New Jersey}, Nov. 4). Prior to about Japanese were generally considered to be unassimilable Aug. 28 Ebenezer Takashi Takamine, Dr. Takamine s youngest son, dies at Passaic, Bergen County, New Jersey. He was age He is buried in the family mausoleum at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York City (New York Times, Aug. 29). His wife, Catherine McMahon Takamine takes over as president of the Takamine Laboratory in Clifton, New Jersey Nov. 3 Kanazawa, Japan, holds a four-day celebration to commemorate the centennial of Jokichi Takamine s birth. The U.S. Ambassador to Japan and the executive vicepresident of Parke, Davis & Co. (Homer C. Fritsch) were among those who gave addresses. Catherine McMahon Takamine (wife of Eben) presents a large portrait of Dr. Takamine (The Call {Paterson, New Jersey}, Nov. 4, ). Note: This four-day celebration was held in , not in as was often reported subsequently Nov. 25 Caroline Takamine Beach, age 88, dies in Arizona. She is buried in the family mausoleum established by her first husband, Jokichi, at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York (Tucson Daily Citizen, 27 Nov. ) Feb. 21 Charles P. Beach, well known Southern Arizona cattleman, announces the sale of his 33,acre ranch near Mt. Fagan to Mrs. Star G. Simpson. The property was listed at $, (Tucson Daily Citizen, Feb. 21, p. 8). Copyright by Soyinfo Center

13 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 13 The Mt. Fagan ranch ranch is sold again on 27 April for $ million to a developer who plans to subdivide it (Tucson Daily Citizen, p. 1) March 7 Miles Laboratories, Inc. purchases Takamine Laboratory, Inc. at Clifton, New Jersey (Mahoney , p. 75, ; News {Paterson, Jersey}, 3 Feb. ) Nov. 25 Charles P. Beach, husband of Caroline Takamine Beach, dies at his home (at Juanita St.) in Vail, Colorado (Tucson Daily Citizen, Nov. 27, p. 48). On 11 July his estate was valued at $, Parke, Davis & Co. is acquired by Warner-Lambert (Wikipedia at Parke-Davis) Sept. 17 Elinor W. Osborn (widow of Melvin Chester Osborn) of Monticello, New York, sells her land and Sho- Fu-Den (Sullivan County, New York) to Japanese Heritage Foundation for $, Major structural repairs are made to Shofu-Den in Merriewold, New York, and a new copper roof is put on (Colson & De Mille ). entirely from West to East May 14 Japanese Heritage Foundation, Inc. sells its land and Sho-Fu-Den (Sullivan County, New York) to Sho- Fu-Den LLC. The land is owned by Osamu ( Sam ) Ikeda and Mr. Tomio Taki May Tetsumori Yamashima of Japan, writing in the Journal of Medical Biography (p ), gives the best description seen to date of Dr. Takamine s route to the discovery of adrenaline, together with an excellent biography Sankyo Co. Ltd. is acquired by Daiichi to form Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. makes an excellent online color English-language minute documentary titled The Story of Jokichi Takamine: Japan s Goodwill Ambassador to celebrate the centennial of the planting of Japanese cherry trees in Washington, D.C Takamine: Documents from The Dawn of Industrial Microbiology is published by Miles Laboratory (Elkhart, Indiana). The Preface, a biography of Jokichi Takamine by Joan W. Bennett, is especially interesting. The first such biography published since , it introduces Takamine to a new generation of readers The enzyme plant in Clifton, New Jersey, is closed (Dawson ) June Solvay Enzymes Inc. (Elkhart, Indiana) purchases the enzyme business (started by Dr. Takamine) from Miles Laboratories (Dawson ) Japanese Heritage Foundation, Inc. publishes an artistic booklet titled Shofu-Den (19 pages), designed to find a source of funding for restoration or a buyer for this very beautiful and valuable Japanese palace. It is also a marvelous source of images (many color) of and information about Shofu-Den and Dr. Jokichi Takamine June Warner-Lambert (which owns Parke-Davis) is acquired by Pfizer (Wikipedia at Parke-Davis) Jan. Takamine Jokichi and the transmission of ancient Chinese enzyme technology to the West, by H.T. Huang is published as a book chapter in Chan et al. Huang observes: When we talk of technology transfer in the last hundred years, we tend to think of the traffic as flowing Copyright by Soyinfo Center

14 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 14 ABOUT THIS BOOK This is the most comprehensive biography or bibliography of Jokichi Takamine ever published in English. It has been compiled, one record at a time, over a period of 25 years, in an attempt to document the life of this remarkable man and his wife. It is also the single most current and useful source of information on this subject. This is one of more than books compiled by William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi, and published by the Soyinfo Center. It is based on historical principles, listing all known documents and commercial products in chronological order. It features detailed information on: 42 different document types, both published and unpublished. published documents - extensively annotated bibliography. Every known publication on the subject in every language. 18 original Soyinfo Center interviews and overviews never before published. 61 unpublished archival documents. Thus, it is a powerful tool for understanding the development of this subject from its earliest beginnings to the present. Each bibliographic record in this book contains (in addition to the typical author, date, title, volume and pages information) the author s address, number of references cited, original title of all non-english language publications together with an English translation of the title, month and issue of publication, and the first author s first name (if given). For most books, we state if it is illustrated, whether or not it has an index, and the height in centimeters. A complete subject/geographical index is also included. Copyright by Soyinfo Center

15 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 15 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS BOOK A&M = Agricultural and Mechanical Agric. = Agricultural or Agriculture Agric. Exp. Station = Agricultural Experiment Station ARS = Agricultural Research Service ASA = American Soybean Association Assoc. = Association, Associate Asst. = Assistant Aug. = August Ave. = Avenue Blvd. = Boulevard bu = bushel(s) ca. = about (circa) cc = cubic centimeter(s) Chap. = Chapter cm = centimeter(s) Co. = company Corp. = Corporation Dec. = December Dep. or Dept. = Department Depts. = Departments Div. = Division Dr. = Drive E. = East ed. = edition or editor e.g. = for example Exp. = Experiment Feb. = February fl oz = fluid ounce(s) ft = foot or feet gm = gram(s) ha = hectare(s) i.e. = in other words Inc. = Incorporated incl. = including Illust. = Illustrated or Illustration(s) Inst. = Institute J. = Journal J. of the American Oil Chemists Soc. = Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society Jan. = January kg = kilogram(s) km = kilometer(s) Lab. = Laboratory Labs. = Laboratories lb = pound(s) Ltd. = Limited mcg = microgram(s) mg = milligram(s) ml = milliliter(s) mm = millimeter(s) N. = North No. = number or North Nov. = November Oct. = October oz = ounce(s) p. = page(s) photo(s) = photograph(s) P.O. Box = Post Office Box Prof. = Professor psi = pounds per square inch R&D = Research and Development Rd. = Road Rev. = Revised RPM = revolutions per minute S. = South SANA = Soyfoods Association of North America Sept. = September St. = Street tonnes = metric tons trans. = translator(s) Univ. = University USB = United Soybean Board USDA = United States Department of Agriculture Vol. = volume V.P. = Vice President vs. = versus W. = West C = degrees Celsius (Centigrade) F = degrees Fahrenheit > = greater than, more than < = less than Copyright by Soyinfo Center

16 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 16 HOW TO MAKE THE BEST USE OF THIS DIGITAL BOOK - SEARCH IT Most Important Thing: The KEY to using this digital book, which is in PDF format, is to SEARCH IT using Adobe Acrobat Reader: For those few who do not have it, Google: Acrobat Reader - then select the free download for your type of computer. Then Type [Ctrl+F] to Find. Near the top right of your screen a white box will appear. Click the small down-pointing arrow just to the right of that box to get a menu. Click Open Full Acrobat Search. At the left side of your screen a Search box will open. When asked: What word or phrase would you like to search for? type that word or phrase in the box. For example: Merriewold or Caroline Hitch. No need to use quotation marks. Then click Search. At Results click any line that interests you. For those using a Mac without Acrobat Reader: Safari is often the default browser. Click Edit in the toolbar at top. In the dropdown click Find, then click Find again. A search bar will open across top of screen with a search box at right. In this box type a word or phrase you would like to search, such as Merriewold or Nippon Club. Click Done then scroll through the various matches in the book. Chronological Order: The publications and products in this book are listed with the earliest first and the most recent last. Within each year, references are sorted alphabetically by author. If you are interested in only current information, start reading at the back, just before the indexes. A Reference Book: Like an encyclopedia or any other reference book, this work is meant to be searched first - to find exactly the information you are looking for - and then to be read. How to Use the Index: A subject and country index is located at the back of this book. It will help you to go directly to the specific information that interests you. Browse through it briefly to familiarize yourself with its contents and format. Each record in the book has been assigned a sequential number, starting with 1 for the first/earliest reference. It is this number, not the page number, to which the indexes refer. A publication will typically be listed in each index in more than one place, and major documents may have subject index entries. Thus a publication about the nutritional value of tofu and soymilk in India would be indexed under at least four headings in the subject and country index: Nutrition, Tofu, Soymilk, and Asia, South: India. Note the extensive use of cross references to help you: e.g. Bean curd. See Tofu. Countries and States/Provinces: Every record contains a country keyword. Most USA and Canadian records also contain a state or province keyword, indexed at U.S. States or Canadian Provinces and Territories respectively. All countries are indexed under their region or continent. Thus for Egypt, look under Africa: Egypt, and not under Egypt. For Brazil, see the entry at Latin America, South America: Brazil. For India, see Asia, South: India. For Australia see Oceania: Australia. Most Important Documents: Look in the Index under Important Documents -. Organizations: Many of the larger, more innovative, or pioneering soy-related companies appear in the subject index companies like ADM / Archer Daniels Midland Co., AGP, Cargill, DuPont, Kikkoman, Monsanto, Tofutti, etc. Worldwide, we index many major soybean crushers, tofu makers, soymilk and soymilk equipment manufacturers, soyfoods companies with various products, Seventh-day Adventist food companies, soy protein makers (including pioneers), soy sauce manufacturers, soy ice cream, tempeh, soynut, soy flour companies, etc. Other key organizations include Society for Acclimatization (from in France), American Soybean Association, National Oilseed/Soybean Processors Association, Research & Development Centers (Peoria, Cornell), Meals for Millions Foundation, and International Soybean Programs (INTSOY, AVRDC, IITA, International Inst. of Agriculture, and United Nations). Pioneer soy protein companies include Borden, Drackett, Glidden, Griffith Labs., Gunther, Laucks, Protein Technologies International, and Rich Products. Soyfoods: Look under the most common name: Tofu, Miso, Soymilk, Soy Ice Cream, Soy Cheese, Soy Yogurt, Soy Flour, Green Vegetable Soybeans, or Whole Dry Soybeans. But note: Soy Proteins: Isolates, Soy Proteins: Textured Products, etc. Industrial (Non-Food) Uses of Soybeans: Look under Industrial Uses for more than 17 subject headings. Copyright by Soyinfo Center

17 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 17 Pioneers - Individuals: Laszlo Berczeller, Henry Ford, Friedrich Haberlandt, Artemy A. Horvath, Englebert Kaempfer, Mildred Lager, William J. Morse, etc. Soy- Related Movements: Soyfoods Movement, Vegetarianism, Health and Dietary Reform Movements (esp s), Health Foods Movement (ss), Animal Welfare/ Rights. These are indexed under the person s last name or movement name. Nutrition: All subjects related to soybean nutrition (protein quality, minerals, antinutritional factors, etc.) are indexed under Nutrition, in one of more than 70 subcategories. Soybean Production: All subjects related to growing, marketing, and trading soybeans are indexed under Soybean Production, e.g., Soybean Production: Nitrogen Fixation, or Soybean Production: Plant Protection, or Soybean Production: Variety Development. Other Special Index Headings: Browsing through the subject index will show you many more interesting subject headings, such as Industry and Market Statistics, Information (incl. computers, databases, libraries), Standards, Bibliographies (works containing more than 50 references), and History (soy-related). Commercial Soy Products (CSP): See About This Book. SoyaScan Notes: This is a term we have created exclusively for use with this database. A SoyaScan Notes Interview contains all the important material in short interviews conducted and transcribed by William Shurtleff. This material has not been published in any other source. Longer interviews are designated as such, and listed as unpublished manuscripts. A transcript of each can be ordered from Soyinfo Center Library. A SoyaScan Notes Summary is a summary by William Shurtleff of existing information on one subject. Note: When this term is used in a record s summary, it indicates that the information which follows it has been added by the producer of this database. Asterisks at End of Individual References. 1. An asterisk (*) at the end of a record means that Soyinfo Center does not own that document. Lack of an asterisk means that Soyinfo Center owns all or part of the document. 2. An asterisk after eng (eng*) means that Soyinfo Center has done a partial or complete translation into English of that document. 3. An asterisk in a listing of the number of references [23* ref] means that most of these references are not about soybeans or soyfoods. Documents Owned by Soyinfo Center. Lack of an * (asterisk) at the end of a reference indicates that the Soyinfo Center Library owns all or part of that document. We own roughly three fourths of the documents listed. Photocopies of hard-to-find documents or those without copyright protection can be ordered for a fee. Please contact us for details. Document Types: The SoyaScan database contains + different types of documents, both published (books, journal articles, patents, annual reports, theses, catalogs, news releases, videos, etc.) and unpublished (interviews, unpublished manuscripts, letters, summaries, etc.). Customized Database Searches: This book was printed from SoyaScan, a large computerized database produced by the Soyinfo Center. Customized/personalized reports are The Perfect Book, containing exactly the information you need on any subject you can define, and they are now just a phone call away. For example: Current statistics on tofu and soymilk production and sales in England, France, and Germany. Or soybean varietal development and genetic research in Third World countries before Or details on all tofu cheesecakes and dressings ever made. You name it, we ve got it. For fast results, call us now! BIBLIO: The software program used to produce this book and the SoyaScan database, and to computerize the Soyinfo Center Library is named BIBLIO. Based on Advanced Revelation, it was developed by Soyinfo Center, Tony Cooper and John Ladd. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods: Many of our digital books have a corresponding chapter in our forthcoming scholarly work titled History of Soybeans and Soyfoods (4 volumes). Manuscript chapters from that book are now available, free of charge, on our website, com and many finished chapters are available free of charge in PDF format on our website and on Google Books. About the Soyinfo Center. An overview of our publications, computerized databases, services, and history is given on our website. Soyinfo Center P.O. Box , Lafayette, CA USA Phone: Fax: Copyright by Soyinfo Center

18 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 18 Gendai Takamine. Born 11 July in Kanazawa. Died on 25 March in Takaoka. Married 23 Feb Tokiko Born 27 March Died 6 Aug Takaoka TAKEMINE FAMILY TREE Seiichi Takamine Takaoka, Etchū province Died 21 Aug in Kanazawa, Ishikawa pref. Married 2 Nov in Takaoka to Yukiko First Son: Jokichi Takamine Born 3 Nov. , Takaoka Died 22 July , New York City Married 10 Aug New Orleans, Louisiana First daughter: Setsuko Born in Married Hyokichi Minami Second daughter: Sadako Born in Third daughter: Junko Takamine Born in Married Naobumi Takehashi Died in Tigasaki, Kanagawa Second Son: Taiji Born in Third Son: Eisaburo Takamine Born in Adopted by the Fujii family Kisanji Tsuda Died in in Takaoka 4th Son: Saburo Born in Yoshiko Died in in Takaoka Yukiko Tsuda Born 25 March Kanazawa Died 29 April Kanazawa, Ishikawa pref. 4th daughter: Tokuko Born in Married Hisaharu Nou 5th daughter: Tomiko Born in th daughter: Seiko Born in Married Kichiemon Tajima 7th daughter: Isoko Born in Sources: (1) Takamine Jokichi, by Nobumasa Ikeda (, pages ) (2) Takamine Jokichi to Sono Tsuma, by Nobuko Iinuma (, page 60) 5th Son: Kyoichiro Born in Copyright by Soyinfo Center

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20 Copyright by Soyinfo Center JOKICHI TAKAMINE 20

21 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 21 JOKICHI TAKAMINE AND CAROLINE TAKAMINE 1. Seiichi Takamine s home in the city of Kanazawa, Province of Kaga, Japan (Photograph) Summary: Two views of the house in which young Jokichi Takamine grew up until age It was located close to the castle where his father, Seiichi, was a practicing physician for the Maeda lord and his family. Reprinted in Tetsumori Yamashima, , by courtesy of the Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum, Kanazawa City, Japan. Note: This is the earliest photo seen (July ) in connection with Jokichi Takamine. 2. Civil war soldier: Ebenezer Vose Hitch enlists as a private in Fairhaven, Massachusetts Sept. Summary: U.S. Civil War soldier records and profiles: Name: Ebenezer Vose Hitch. Residence: Fairhaven, Massachusetts. Occupation: Clerk. Age at enlistment: Enlistment date: 27 Sept Rank at enlistment: Private. State served: Massachusetts. Survived the war? Yes. Service record: Enlisted in Company Read s, Massachusetts 3rd Cavalry Regiment on 27 Sept Mustered out on 27 Aug Birth date: About Sources: Massachusetts soldiers, sailors and marines in the Civil War. Was a private 3rd Mass. Cavalry 27 Sept Capt. 2nd, Louisiana Cavalry July 4, Reg. consolidated with 1st Louisiana Cavalry Set. 7, Mustered out Dec. 18, See Vol. 2 Mass., in Army and Navy. Note: This record was added by Kathleen_Cramer on 7 Oct Address: Fairhaven, Massachusetts. 3. Jokichi Takamine (3rd from left), about age 10, in Japan in

22 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 22 traditional samurai dress with two swords, accompanied by two samurai with swords and another young man about his age (Photograph) Summary: Sent by and reprinted with permission from Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan (Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum) in Kanazawa, Japan. 4. Capt. Ebenezer Hitch and wife Mary Field Hitch, the parents of Caroline Field Hitch (Photograph) Summary: In Mississippi, shortly after the Civil War. This photo is from the book Where the Wings Grow, by Agnes De Mille (published by Doubleday, ). 5. Jokichi Takamine (right) as a boy, about age 12, with a samurai bodyguard (Photograph) (See next page). Summary: At this age, young Jokichi was sent (by the samurai lord of Kaga) to Nagasaki, the only port open to the West at that time, as a member of a group of ambitious and promising young men of his province, to study basic English in the home of the Portuguese ambassador (Yamashima , p. 96). Note: He may have actually learned English from a Dutch speaker, because the Dutch were the only country with a real presence in Nagasaki at that time. Many later sources say that he spoke English with a slight Dutch accent throughout his life. Some also add that he sometimes has a slight Scottish accent from his years studying in Scotland. Sent by and reprinted with permission from Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan (Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum) in Kanazawa, Japan. 6. U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office Charles T. Beach (father of Charles P. Beach) in the U.S. Census in Montgomery County, Kansas. Washington, DC. Aug. 6. Summary: Charles is living in Montgomery City P.O., Sycamore Township (twp), Montgomery Co., Kansas. Image 9, 83/ Beach, Charles T., age 25, born in Farmer. No real

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24 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 24 property (land). $ personal property. Born in Connecticut. Note: This is a single family household. 7. U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office Charles T. Beach and Lizzie A. Bridgman (parents of Charles P. Beach) in the Kansas State Census in Montgomery County, Kansas. Kansas. March 1. Summary: Bingo! Now we know how the parents of Charles P. Beach met. They were neighbors in Sycamore Township (twp), Montgomery Co., Kansas. This record confirms that the Charles T. Beach of the census is the right guy. There are two, likely related, Bridgman families at #9 and #10 in this Kansas census, and Lizzie is a teacher! This confirms the importance of education for her children. Charles T. (#11) also a teacher, eight years Lizzie s senior. So, they haven t married yet by census, but they surely knew each other. Wesley, their eldest child, was born late Aug. , so they almost surely married before Dec In family #9 (of only peripheral interest to us): John Bridgman is the head of household, age 34, born in , a farmer with no real property and $ in personal property. Born in Indiana, from Iowa. His wife is Barthema [?], age 31, born in , a housekeeper, born in Indiana. They have 5 children, the first 3 born in Illinois. Ella Bridgman, age 9, born in Martha Bridgman, age 8, born in Fannie Bridgman, age 6, born in Jennie Bridgman, age 4, born in in Iowa. Charles Bridgman, age 1, born in in Kansas. In family #10, the family in which Lizzie Bridgman, the mother of Charles P. Beach, is a child, we find: Michael Bridgman, head of household, age 54, born in , $2, worth of real property (land), and $ in personal property. Born in Indiana. To Kansas from Iowa. Mary Bridgman, his wife, age 49, born in , housekeeper, born in Indiana. Lizzie Bridgman, age 20, born in , teacher, born in Indiana. Sarah M. Bridgman, age 17, born in , help, born in Iowa. Michael J. Bridgman, age 15, born in , help, born in Iowa. Peris Bridgman, age 12, born in , help, born in Iowa. Note: Lizzie and her family moved from Iowa to Indiana between and inclusive. Household #11 is a single person household consisting of Charles T. Beach, age 28, a teacher, with $2, in real property (land) and $ in personal property. He was born in Connecticut, then moved to Kansas from Ohio. 8. Charles T. Beach and Lizzie Bridgman (parents of Charles P. Beach) are married on 5 Dec in Radical City, Montgomery Co., Kansas Kansas. Dec. 5. Summary: Charles T. Beach, age 30, was born in Lizzie Bridgman, age 22, was born in The source of this information is Kansas, Marriages, Retrieved from www.cronistalascolonias.com.ar by Bonnie Meyer of Oakland, California (24 Aug. ). 9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office Ebenezer Vose Hitch and his daughter, Carrie Hitch, in the U.S. Census in New Orleans, Louisiana. Washington, DC. June 4. Summary: Enumeration district , image/ page Magazine St. E.V. Hitch, head of household, age 39, married. Employed at U.S. Customs Office. Born in Massachusetts. Both of his parents born in Massachusetts. Mary Hitch, age 35, wife. Born in Louisiana. Father born in Massachusetts. Mother born in Louisiana. Carrie Hitch, age 13 [born 5 Aug in Falmouth, Mass.], daughter, at school. Born in Massachusetts. Father born in Massachusetts. Mother born in Louisiana. Kittie Hitch, age 8. Born in Louisiana. Father born in Massachusetts. Mother born in Louisiana. Lizzie Hitch, age 3. Born in Louisiana. Father born in Massachusetts. Mother born in Louisiana. Marie Hitch, age 1. Born in Louisiana. Father born in Massachusetts. Mother born in Louisiana. Lever Pointer, age 18, nephew, single, at home. Born in Louisiana. Father born in Tennessee. Mother born in Louisiana. Kate Devine, age 29, boarder. Margaret Hall, age 35, servant. U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office Charles T. Beach and Lizzie Beach (parents of Charles P. Beach) in the U.S. Census in West Cherry, Montgomery County, Kansas. Washington, DC. June Summary: District , image 18, household No Charles T. Beach, head of household, age 34, born in School teacher. Born in Connecticut. Both of his parents born in Connecticut. Lizzie Beach, age 25, born in , wife, born in Indiana. Both parents born in Indiana. Wesley H. Beach, age 1, born in , son, born in Kansas. Father born in Connecticut. Mother born in Indiana. Infant Beach, age 1 month, born in May Born in Kansas. Father born in Connecticut. Mother born in Indiana. Daily Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana) Society. Dec. p. 9, col Summary: A very enjoyable affair was given last Thursday evening at the residence of Capt. E.V. Hitch by a number of young gentlemen in compliment of charming young ladies who had a week previously acted as hosts.

25 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 25 Notwithstanding the inclement weather the attendance was quite fashionable and large. The pretty young ladies, in whose compliment the soirée was given, were as follows: Misses Louise De Gray, Carrie Hitch, Laurence Hacker, Edda Tourtarel, Louise Morel, Louise Faisans, Georgine Theard, Eva Olivera, Janne Faisans, Marie Brocard, Sophie Oriol, Josephine and Estelle Lion and others. The gentlemen hosts were Messrs. Wm. A. Fourterel, J. Takamini [sic, Takamine], K. Tamari, Jules Morel, Geo. De Russy, H. Rhodes, Adrian Oriol, Charles Labrancho, Theard, Hardy, Connor, William Mchio [?], Brown and a few others. A party of young ladies and gentlemen, chaperoned by Mr. and Mrs. Ralston, of California, witnessed the performance at the St. Charles Theatre last Friday evening. The persons who composed the party were as follows: Miss Edda Tourtarel and Mr. J. Takamine, a distinguished Japanese nobleman now on a mission to the Exposition; Miss Jeanne Faisaus and Mr. K. Tamari, Miss Louis Morel and Mr. Wm. A. Tourarel and Miss Carrie Hitch and Mr. W. Allstrom. Dec. 16 The World s Fair opens in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is also known as the World s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, and the World Cotton Centennial (Important event) Summary: At a time when nearly one third of all cotton produced in the United States was handled in New Orleans and the city was home to the Cotton Exchange, the idea for the fair was first advanced by the Cotton Planters Association. The name World Cotton Centennial referred to the earliest surviving record of export of a shipment of cotton from the United States to England in The Fair closed on 2 June , with large financial losses. The planning and construction of the fair was marked by corruption and scandals, and state treasurer Edward A. Burke absconded abroad with some $ 1,, dollars of state money including most of the fair s budget. Source: Wikipedia, at World Cotton Centennial, July Caroline Field Hitch about three years before her marriage to Jokichi Takamine on 19 Aug in Orleans Parish, New Orleans (Photograph) (See above). Summary: This photo is from the book Where the Wings Grow, by Agnes De Mille (published by Doubleday, ). Daily Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana) World s Exposition: A large attendance opening of the Belgian section. Feb. 8. p. 10, col Summary: The event of the day was the opening of the exhibit of the Kingdom of Belgium to public investigation a large number of invited guests were present There were noticed, among others, Hon John Krottschnitt, Consul of the German Empire; Hon. E.G. Gillow, Commissioner General of Mexico; Hon. J. Takamine and K. Tamari, Commissioners, of Japan; Daily Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana) A brilliant wedding. The nuptials of Mr. Jokichi Takamine of Tokio, Japan, and Miss Carrie Hitch of New Orleans The sequel to a happy love affair. Aug. p. 8. col. 1. Summary: A romantic courtship, rich in devotion and constancy, last evening dawned into a wedded life, on the path of which love s golden radiance will fall and love s dreamy music fill the scented air around. For a number of years past there resided in the vieux carre [ old square ] an interesting family which day by day became more so, owing to a gentle little maiden who was blooming into womanhood. She was of graceful frame, stately bearing and captivating address. Eyes reminding one of the skies above, hair where the sunshine was wont to linger, features as classic as those of the nymphs in the ancient masters paintings and an expression which told of the goodness devotion and love hidden within her heart. It was thus that Miss Carrie Hitch appeared to Mr. Jokichi Takamine, the talented Japanese commissioner to the World Exposition; and in fact the jeunesse doree [ gilded youth ] who attended the receptions given at her residence. The spark which originated at the first meeting soon kindled into a spreading fire, and in a cool, quiet and manly way he entered the contest for the prize. It was on him that the bright eyes of the little lady looked with most favor, for him the smiles were more sunny and more frequent. Acquaintance ripened into friendship into a warmer feeling and finally they were lovers. Prior to his departure for Japan at the close of the Exposition he asked her hand and it was accorded to him. The courtship was ardent and lasted, notwithstanding the broad continent and deep ocean which separated them. The coming of every mail was anxiously expected on both sides, and the billet doux which crossed the seas were many. Handsome presents, tokens of an unforgotten friendship and undiminished love, found their way to New Orleans, to be looked upon with blue eyes and

26 JOKICHI TAKAMINE 26 prized prized not on account of their richness, but owing to the spirit which they were sent. The day was fixed, True to his promise as to his love the Japanese gentleman arrived in the city several weeks ago, and last night stood hand in hand with his bride. At about 9 o clock last night the residence of Captain and Mrs. E. V. Hitch looked like fairyland. The spacious parlor was beautifully decorated with flowers and ferns. From the center of the arch hung a large wedding bell. The tables and mantels in the apartment had been transformed into beds of roses. As a wedding march was being played on the piano the bridal party entered the parlor, the bride leaning on the arm of her father and the groom escorting Mrs. Hitch. The bride wore a beautifully designed costume of white crepe de chine embroidered with white chrysanthemum flowers. It was the handiwork of Japanese ladies and a token of their esteem for the American girl who was to become their friend and companion. Rev. Dr. Fergerson, of the Prytania Street Presbyterian church, performed the ceremony and preached an eloquent sermon. Mr. Takamine is 33 years of age, of the medium height, and of very pleasing address. He was educated in his native country and in England, and is quite a scholar. He was the pupil of Dr. Mills, the distinguished fellow of the Royal Society in London, and made chemistry his special study. He has held many positions under the government of Japan. Recently he represented that country at the New Orleans World s Exposition, and now occupies the position of director general of the patent office in Japan, which entitles him to audiences with the emperor. At the close of the Exposition he returned to Japan and interested himself in the firm of Mitsui & Co. of Tokio, a commercial enterprise which has already established agencies all over the world. Mr. Takamine traveled extensively in Europe during the past year with the interest of his new business and with his wife proposes to make a tour of the United States. Miss Hitch is the daughter of Captain E.V. Hitch, a native of New York, a captain in the federal army, who married a daughter of Mr. Field, at one time one of the largest sugar planters in St. Mary parish, Louisiana. Captain Hitch was for a number of years one of the most reliable employees in the customs office at this port, and is now representing the firm of J.L. Phipps & Co. in Honduras. The ceremony was witnessed by a number of friends of the contracting parties. The broad verendas of the house were tented and illuminated with Japanese lanterns and palms. A supper was served in princely style by John T. Shaw, the Canal street confectioner, and the health of Mr. and Mrs. Takamine was frequently toasted with bumpers of champagne. Among the guests were General and Mrs. A.S. Badger, Dr. J.G. Belden, Mr. George Le Sassier, Mr. A.W. Cockerton, Mr. F.F. Parmele, Mr. and Mrs. Geo. Demontrond, Mrs. Eugene Soniat, Mrs. Parmele, Mrs. Garvey, Miss Aline Belden, Miss Viola Stinson, Miss Louise Morel, Mr. Henry Ginder, Misses Bertha and Rosie Winterhaller, Miss Oliveira, Miss Katie Devine and Mr. J. Moore Soniat. After super the guests were repaired to the parlor, where delightful musical performances were listened to and the happy couple were congratulated de novo. Many handsome presents were bestowed on them. They will remain in the city for about ten days and will then make a tour of the United States, visiting Niagara and all points of interest; after which they will sail from San Francisco for Tokio, Japan. Note: This exact same article, with the same headline, appeared in the Galveston Daily News (Houston, Texas), Aug. 14, p. 5, Col Daily Picayune (New Orleans, Louisiana) Personal and general notes. Aug. p. 4, col Summary: From Charleston [South Carolina] News and Courier, Aug. Prince Takamine and his bride, an account of whose marriage in New Orleans was published in the News and Courier on the 11th inst. [instant = of the present month] arrived in the city last night and are staying at the Charleston Hotel. Caroline Field Hitch as a young lady, probably in New Orleans (Photograph) Undated. (See next page) Summary: Sent by and reprinted with permission from Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan (Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum) in Kanazawa, Japan. Jokichi Takamine as a newly-wed young man, age 33 in New Orleans (Photograph) Undated. (See next page). Summary: Sent by and reprinted with permission from Kanazawa Furusato Ijinkan (Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum) in Kanazawa, Japan. Also in the booklet Shofu-Den by the Japanese Heritage Foundation (, p. 13 Gives date as , says he is newly wed and age 33). Caroline Takamine as a young lady, probably in New Orleans, Louisiana (Photograph). ? Undated. Summary: During his stay in New Orleans as a commissioner to the International Cotton Exposition, Jokichi Takamine (age 30) fell in love with and became engaged to Caroline Field Hitch (age 18), the eldest daughter of a prominent Southern family. (See next page). Reprinted in Tetsumori Yamashima, , by courtesy of the Great People of Kanazawa Memorial Museum, Kanazawa City, Japan. Marie Beatrice Field Hitch, mother of Caroline Hitch, and wife of Ebenezer Vose Hitch ( ) (Photograph). ? Undated. Summary: Here she is wearing her white French house

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